How does Python achieve variable swapping without temporary variables in tuple assignment?

Variable Swapping without Temporary Variables: Exploring the Internals of Tuple Assignment

Python's tuple assignment allows for the swapping of multiple values without the use of a temporary variable. This process raises the question of how Python achieves this seemingly tricky operation.

Internal Process: Separating Evaluation and Assignment

Unlike other programming languages, Python separates the evaluation of the right-hand side expression from the left-hand side assignment. The right-hand side is evaluated first, and the result is pushed onto the stack. Subsequently, the left-hand side names are assigned values from the stack using specific opcodes.

Opcode Optimization for Small Assignments

For tuple assignments involving only two or three elements, Python employs simple operations:

• LOAD_FAST: Pushes the values of variables from the right-hand side onto the stack.
• ROT_TWO (ROT_THREE for three-element assignments): Reverses the order of the top elements on the stack, effectively swapping them.
• STORE_FAST: Assigns the values from the stack to the left-hand side variables, ensuring left-to-right assignment order.

Tuple Manipulation for Larger Assignments

For assignments involving more than three elements, a temporary tuple is used:

• BUILD_TUPLE: Creates a tuple from the values on the stack, reversing their order.
• UNPACK_SEQUENCE: Pops the tuple from the stack and pushes individual values back onto the stack, enabling assignment to multiple variables on the left-hand side.

Final Optimization Step

After the tuple manipulation, an optimization step replaces the BUILD_TUPLE / UNPACK_SEQUENCE combination with the more efficient ROT_TWO or ROT_THREE opcodes, especially for small assignments.

Conclusion

Python's approach to tuple assignment leverages the stack and cleverly applies opcodes to achieve efficient swapping of values. By separating evaluation and assignment, and employing a strategy that varies based on the number of elements, Python ensures a versatile and efficient implementation of this widely used language feature.

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