How to Execute Raw SQL in Flask-SQLAlchemy?

Executing Raw SQL in Flask-SQLAlchemy

When working with complex database queries, it may become necessary to execute raw SQL directly within Flask-SQLAlchemy applications. There are a few methods to achieve this, depending on the SQLAlchemy version in use.

SQLAlchemy 2.0

Utilizing the higher-level APIs introduced in version 2.0, raw SQL can be executed through the 'engine' object:

<code class="python">with engine.connect() as connection:
    result = connection.execute(text('SELECT * FROM your_table'))
    # Process the result as needed...</code>

SQLAlchemy 1.x

For versions 1.x, raw SQL execution is performed using the 'engine.execute()' method:

<code class="python">from sqlalchemy import text

sql = text('SELECT name FROM penguins')
result = db.engine.execute(sql)
names = [row[0] for row in result]
print(names)</code>

Note that 'db.engine.execute()' is considered "connectionless" in SQLAlchemy 2.0 and is deprecated. Therefore, it is recommended to follow the SQLAlchemy 2.0 approach when using the latest versions of the framework.

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