Also, what are the key concepts in C++ multi-threaded programming?

C++ Multithreaded programming allows applications to perform multiple tasks simultaneously. Key concepts include threads, mutexes, and condition variables, as well as shared data structures that require thread safety. The practical case demonstrates how to use a mutex to protect shared resources and ensure that only one thread accesses the critical section at the same time. By properly using synchronization mechanisms, you can write parallel and efficient multi-threaded applications.

C++ Multi-Threaded Programming Guide

Introduction

Multi-threaded programming is concurrency A form of programming that allows an application to perform multiple tasks simultaneously, taking full advantage of multi-core processors. This article will introduce the key concepts of C++ multi-threaded programming and provide a practical case.

Key concepts

• Thread: An independently executed control flow that shares the address space with the main program.
• Mutex: A synchronization mechanism used to ensure that only one thread accesses the critical section at the same time.
• Condition variable: Another synchronization mechanism used to let threads wait for specific conditions to occur (for example: there is data to read).
• Data structure: In multi-threaded programming, shared data structures should be thread-safe and able to withstand concurrent access.

Practical Case: Using a Mutex to Protect a Shared Resource

Consider the following code snippet, which demonstrates how to use a mutex to protect a shared resource (a Counter):

#include <iostream>
#include <thread>
#include <mutex>

std::mutex m; // 全局互斥体
int counter = 0; // 共享资源

void increment() {
    m.lock();
    ++counter;
    m.unlock();
}

void decrement() {
    m.lock();
    --counter;
    m.unlock();
}

int main() {
    std::thread t1(increment); // 创建线程用于递增计数器
    std::thread t2(decrement); // 创建线程用于递减计数器

    t1.join(); // 等待线程完成
    t2.join();

    std::cout << "Counter value: " << counter << std::endl;
    return 0;
}

Running result:

Counter value: 0

Even if two threads try to access the counter at the same time, the mutex ensures that only one thread accesses it at any time. Data corruption is thus avoided.

Conclusion

This article introduces the key concepts of C++ multi-threaded programming and provides a practical case of using mutexes to protect shared resources. By using synchronization mechanisms correctly, you can write parallel and efficient multi-threaded applications.

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