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HomeBackend DevelopmentPython TutorialPython中分数的相关使用教程

Python中分数的相关使用教程

Jun 10, 2016 pm 03:16 PM
pythonFractionScientific Computing

你可能不需要经常处理分数,但当你需要时,Python的Fraction类会给你很大的帮助。在该指南中,我将提供一些有趣的实例,用于展示如何处理分数,突出显示一些很酷的功能。
1 基础

Fraction类在Lib/fractions.py文件中,所以可以这样导入:
 

from fractions import Fraction

有很多种实例化Fraction类的方法。

首先,你可以传入分子和分母:
 

>>> Fraction(1, 2)
Fraction(1, 2)

或者利用另一个分数进行实例化:
 

>>> f = Fraction(1, 2)
>>> Fraction(f)
Fraction(1, 2)

使用一个浮点数进行实例化:
 

>>> Fraction(2.5)
Fraction(5, 2)

或者使用一个 decimal:
 

>>> from decimal import Decimal
>>> Fraction(Decimal('1.1'))
Fraction(11, 10)

最后一种方法,可能是最有趣的一种方法,你可以使用一个字符串实例化Fraction类:
 

>>> Fraction('9/16')
Fraction(9, 16)

本质上讲,Fraction类这么设计,目的就是为了让你在实例化该类之前不需要做很多处理。Fraction类知道如何处理多种不同的数据类型。
2 自动约分

约分并不是很难,但是对于一些复杂的分数,约分还是要费点事的。Fraction类在这方面特别有用,因为它能自动约分分数。
 

>>> Fraction(153, 272)
Fraction(9, 16)

纯粹靠想,你可能无法约分153/172,但是Fraction类能很快地完成约分。
3 二元运算

你可以像对待整数和浮点数一样,在Fraction对象上执行二元运算。

两个分数进行相加操作:
 

>>> Fraction(1, 2) + Fraction(3, 4)
Fraction(5, 4)

这样操作就很方便了,但是你也可以混合整数或浮点数。如你所料,Fraction对象和一个整数进行相加返回一个Fraction对象,但和一个浮点数进行相加返回一个浮点数。
 

>>> Fraction(5, 16) + 3
Fraction(53, 16)
>>> Fraction(5, 16) + 3.0
3.3125

这里有一些其他的二元运算的例子:
 

>>> Fraction(5, 16) - Fraction(1, 4)
Fraction(1, 16)
>>> Fraction(1, 16) * Fraction(3, 16)
Fraction(3, 256)
>>> Fraction(3, 16) / Fraction(1, 8)
Fraction(3, 2)

现在让我们试试乘方操作:
 

>>> Fraction(1, 8) ** Fraction(1, 2)
0.3535533905932738

它返回一个浮点数,可能是因为分数不能进行合理的计算。实际上我们可以使用limit_denominator方法得到一个近似的Fraction值。
 

>>> f = Fraction(1, 8) ** Fraction(1, 2)
>>> Fraction(f).limit_denominator()
Fraction(235416, 665857)

记住,你可以混合字符串和其他上边实例化部分中提到的数据类型。
 

>>> Fraction("1/2") + Fraction(2.0)
Fraction(5, 2)
>>> Fraction(2) * Fraction("  1/2  ")
Fraction(1, 1)

4 获取Fraction对象的属性

你已经有了一个Fraction对象,并且已经做了一些计算,现在我们如何访问它的属性呢?

不阅读文档的话,你或许会尝试Fraction.numerator和Fraction.denominator,事实证明你是正确的。
 

>>> f = Fraction(221, 234) + Fraction(1, 2)
>>> f.numerator
13
>>> f.denominator
9

或者作为一个字符串,打印整个分数:
 

>>> print f
13/9
>>> a = str(f)
>>> a
'13/9'
5 GCD

这不是Fraction类的一部分,它是在fractions库中的。利用它你可以快速找到两个数的最大公约数。

首先导入:
 

from fractions import gcd

一些例子:
 

>>> gcd(100, 75)
25
>>> gcd(221, 234)
13


6 总结

希望你已经学到了一些关于在Python中处理分数的东西。如果你想阅读更多内容,可以查看文档。如果你感觉学起来非常有动力,可以看看源代码。

如果你有更有趣的分数使用方法,告诉我,我会将它们添加到指南中。

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