Home > Article > Backend Development > 用Python的线程来解决生产者消费问题的示例
我们将使用Python线程来解决Python中的生产者—消费者问题。这个问题完全不像他们在学校中说的那么难。
如果你对生产者—消费者问题有了解,看这篇博客会更有意义。
为什么要关心生产者—消费者问题:
当我们在使用线程时,你可以学习以下的线程概念:
我假设你已经有这些基本概念:线程、竞态条件,以及如何解决静态条件(例如使用lock)。否则的话,你建议你去看我上一篇文章basics of Threads。
引用维基百科:
生产者的工作是产生一块数据,放到buffer中,如此循环。与此同时,消费者在消耗这些数据(例如从buffer中把它们移除),每次一块。
这里的关键词是“同时”。所以生产者和消费者是并发运行的,我们需要对生产者和消费者做线程分离。
from threading import Thread class ProducerThread(Thread): def run(self): pass class ConsumerThread(Thread): def run(self): pass
再次引用维基百科:
这个为描述了两个共享固定大小缓冲队列的进程,即生产者和消费者。
假设我们有一个全局变量,可以被生产者和消费者线程修改。生产者产生数据并把它加入到队列。消费者消耗这些数据(例如把它移出)。
queue = []
在刚开始,我们不会设置固定大小的条件,而在实际运行时加入(指下述例子)。
一开始带bug的程序:
from threading import Thread, Lock import time import random queue = [] lock = Lock() class ProducerThread(Thread): def run(self): nums = range(5) #Will create the list [0, 1, 2, 3, 4] global queue while True: num = random.choice(nums) #Selects a random number from list [0, 1, 2, 3, 4] lock.acquire() queue.append(num) print "Produced", num lock.release() time.sleep(random.random()) class ConsumerThread(Thread): def run(self): global queue while True: lock.acquire() if not queue: print "Nothing in queue, but consumer will try to consume" num = queue.pop(0) print "Consumed", num lock.release() time.sleep(random.random()) ProducerThread().start() ConsumerThread().start()
运行几次并留意一下结果。如果程序在IndexError异常后并没有自动结束,用Ctrl+Z结束运行。
样例输出:
Produced 3 Consumed 3 Produced 4 Consumed 4 Produced 1 Consumed 1 Nothing in queue, but consumer will try to consume Exception in thread Thread-2: Traceback (most recent call last): File "/usr/lib/python2.7/threading.py", line 551, in __bootstrap_inner self.run() File "producer_consumer.py", line 31, in run num = queue.pop(0) IndexError: pop from empty list
解释:
我们把这个实现作为错误行为(wrong behavior)。
什么是正确行为?
当队列中没有任何数据的时候,消费者应该停止运行并等待(wait),而不是继续尝试进行消耗。而当生产者在队列中加入数据之后,应该有一个渠道去告诉(notify)消费者。然后消费者可以再次从队列中进行消耗,而IndexError不再出现。
关于条件
条件(condition)可以让一个或多个线程进入wait,直到被其他线程notify。参考:?http://docs.python.org/2/library/threading.html#condition-objects
这就是我们所需要的。我们希望消费者在队列为空的时候wait,只有在被生产者notify后恢复。生产者只有在往队列中加入数据后进行notify。因此在生产者notify后,可以确保队列非空,因此消费者消费时不会出现异常。
condition的acquire()和release()方法内部调用了lock的acquire()和release()。所以我们可以用condiction实例取代lock实例,但lock的行为不会改变。
生产者和消费者需要使用同一个condition实例, 保证wait和notify正常工作。
重写消费者代码:
from threading import Condition condition = Condition() class ConsumerThread(Thread): def run(self): global queue while True: condition.acquire() if not queue: print "Nothing in queue, consumer is waiting" condition.wait() print "Producer added something to queue and notified the consumer" num = queue.pop(0) print "Consumed", num condition.release() time.sleep(random.random())
重写生产者代码:
class ProducerThread(Thread): def run(self): nums = range(5) global queue while True: condition.acquire() num = random.choice(nums) queue.append(num) print "Produced", num condition.notify() condition.release() time.sleep(random.random())
样例输出:
Produced 3 Consumed 3 Produced 1 Consumed 1 Produced 4 Consumed 4 Produced 3 Consumed 3 Nothing in queue, consumer is waiting Produced 2 Producer added something to queue and notified the consumer Consumed 2 Nothing in queue, consumer is waiting Produced 2 Producer added something to queue and notified the consumer Consumed 2 Nothing in queue, consumer is waiting Produced 3 Producer added something to queue and notified the consumer Consumed 3 Produced 4 Consumed 4 Produced 1 Consumed 1
解释:
为队列增加大小限制
生产者不能向一个满队列继续加入数据。
它可以用以下方式来实现:
最终程序如下:
from threading import Thread, Condition import time import random queue = [] MAX_NUM = 10 condition = Condition() class ProducerThread(Thread): def run(self): nums = range(5) global queue while True: condition.acquire() if len(queue) == MAX_NUM: print "Queue full, producer is waiting" condition.wait() print "Space in queue, Consumer notified the producer" num = random.choice(nums) queue.append(num) print "Produced", num condition.notify() condition.release() time.sleep(random.random()) class ConsumerThread(Thread): def run(self): global queue while True: condition.acquire() if not queue: print "Nothing in queue, consumer is waiting" condition.wait() print "Producer added something to queue and notified the consumer" num = queue.pop(0) print "Consumed", num condition.notify() condition.release() time.sleep(random.random()) ProducerThread().start() ConsumerThread().start()
样例输出:
Produced 0 Consumed 0 Produced 0 Produced 4 Consumed 0 Consumed 4 Nothing in queue, consumer is waiting Produced 4 Producer added something to queue and notified the consumer Consumed 4 Produced 3 Produced 2 Consumed 3
更新:
很多网友建议我在lock和condition下使用Queue来代替使用list。我同意这种做法,但我的目的是展示Condition,wait()和notify()如何工作,所以使用了list。
以下用Queue来更新一下代码。
Queue封装了Condition的行为,如wait(),notify(),acquire()。
现在不失为一个好机会读一下Queue的文档(http://docs.python.org/2/library/queue.html)。
更新程序:
from threading import Thread import time import random from Queue import Queue queue = Queue(10) class ProducerThread(Thread): def run(self): nums = range(5) global queue while True: num = random.choice(nums) queue.put(num) print "Produced", num time.sleep(random.random()) class ConsumerThread(Thread): def run(self): global queue while True: num = queue.get() queue.task_done() print "Consumed", num time.sleep(random.random()) ProducerThread().start() ConsumerThread().start()
解释: