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HomeBackend DevelopmentPython TutorialPython中设置变量作为默认值时容易遇到的错误

思考一下下面的代码片段:
 

def foo(numbers=[]):
  numbers.append(9)
  print numbers

在这里,我们定义了一个 list (默认为空),给它加入9并且打印出来。
 

>>> foo()
[9]
>>> foo(numbers=[1,2])
[1, 2, 9]
>>> foo(numbers=[1,2,3])
[1, 2, 3, 9]

看起来还行吧?可是当我们不输入number 参数来调用 foo 函数时,神奇的事情发生了:
 

>>> foo() # first time, like before
[9]
>>> foo() # second time
[9, 9]
>>> foo() # third time...
[9, 9, 9]
>>> foo() # WHAT IS THIS BLACK MAGIC?!
[9, 9, 9, 9]

那么,这是神马情况?直觉告诉我们无论我们不输入 number 参数调用 foo 函数多少次,这里的9应该被分配进了一个空的 list。这是错的!在Python里,函数的默认值实在函数定义的时候实例化的,而不是在调用的时候。

那么我们仍然会问,为什么在调用函数的时候这个默认值却被赋予了不同的值?因为在你每次给函数指定一个默认值的时候,Python都会存储这个值。如果在调用函数的时候重写了默认值,那么这个存储的值就不会被使用。当你不重写默认值的时候,那么Python就会让默认值引用存储的值(这个例子里的numbers)。它并不是将存储的值拷贝来为这个变量赋值。这个概念可能对初学者来说,理解起来会比较吃力,所以可以这样来理解:有两个变量,一个是内部的,一个是当前运行时的变量。现实就是我们有两个变量来用相同的值进行交互,所以一旦 numbers 的值发生变化,也会改变Python里面保存的初始值的记录。

那么解决方案如下:
 

def foo(numbers=None):
  if numbers is None:
    numbers = []
  numbers.append(9)
  print numbers

通常,当人们听到这里,大家会问另一个关于默认值的问题。思考下面的程序:
 

def foo(count=0):
  count += 1
  print count

当我们运行它的时候,其结果完全是我们期望的:
 

>>> foo()
1
>>> foo()
1
>>> foo(2)
3
>>> foo(3)
4
>>> foo()
1

这又是为啥呢?其秘密不在与默认值被赋值的时候,而是这个默认值本身。整型是一种不可变的变量。跟 list 类型不同,在函数执行的过程中,整型变量是不能被改变的。当我们执行 count+=1 这句话时,我们并没有改变 count 这个变量原有的值。而是让 count 指向了不同的值。可是,当我们执行 numbers.append(9) 的时候,我们改变了原有的 list 。因而导致了这种结果。

下面是在函数里使用默认值时会碰到的另一种相同问题:
 

def print_now(now=time.time()):
  print now

跟前面一样,time.time() 的值是可变的,那么它只会在函数定义的时候计算,所以无论调用多少次,都会返回相同的时间 — 这里输出的时间是程序被Python解释运行的时间。

>>> print_now()
1373121487.91
>>> print_now()
1373121487.91
>>> print_now()
1373121487.91

* 这个问题和它的解决方案在 Python 2.x 和 3.x 里都是类似的,在Python 3.x 里面唯一的不同,是里面的print 表达式应该是函数调用的方式(print(numbers))。

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