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HomeBackend DevelopmentPython Tutorialpython中requests模块的使用方法

本文实例讲述了python中requests模块的使用方法。分享给大家供大家参考。具体分析如下:

在HTTP相关处理中使用python是不必要的麻烦,这包括urllib2模块以巨大的复杂性代价获取综合性的功能。相比于urllib2,Kenneth Reitz的Requests模块更能简约的支持完整的简单用例。

简单的例子:

想象下我们试图使用get方法从http://example.test/获取资源并且查看返回代码,content-type头信息,还有response的主体内容。这件事无论使用urllib2 或者Requests都是很容易实现的。

urllib2 

>>> import urllib2 
>>> url = 'http://example.test/' 
>>> response = urllib2.urlopen(url)
>>> response.getcode() 
200 
>>> response.headers.getheader('content-type') 
'text/html; charset=utf-8'
>>> response.read() 
'Hello, world!'

Requests

>>> import requests 
>>> url = 'http://example.test/' 
>>> response = requests.get(url) 
>>> response.status_code 
200 
>>> response.headers['content-type']
'text/html; charset=utf-8'
>>> response.content 
u'Hello, world!'

这两种方法很相似,相对于urllib2调用方法读取response中的属性信息,Requests则是使用属性名来获取对应的属性值。
两者还有两个细微但是很重要的差别:

1 Requests 自动的把返回信息有Unicode解码
2 Requests 自动保存了返回内容,所以你可以读取多次,而不像urllib2.urlopen()那样返回的只是一个类似文件类型只能读取一次的对象。

第二点是在python交互式环境下操作代码很令人讨厌的事情

一个复杂一点的例子:

现在让我们尝试下复杂点得例子:使用GET方法获取http://foo.test/secret的资源,这次需要基本的http验证。使用上面的代码作为模板,好像我们只要把urllib2.urlopen() 到requests.get()之间的代码换成可以发送username,password的请求就行了

这是urllib2的方法:

>>> import urllib2
>>> url = 'http://example.test/secret'
>>> password_manager = urllib2.HTTPPasswordMgrWithDefaultRealm()
>>> password_manager.add_password(None, url, 'dan', 'h0tdish')
>>> auth_handler = urllib2.HTTPBasicAuthHandler(password_manager) 
>>> opener = urllib2.build_opener(auth_handler)
>>> urllib2.install_opener(opener)
>>> response = urllib2.urlopen(url)
>>> response.getcode()
200 
>>> response.read()
'Welcome to the secret page!'

一个简单的方法中实例化了2个类,然后组建了第三个类,最后还要装载到全局的urllib2模块中,最后才调用了urlopen,那么那两个复杂的类是什么的
迷惑了吗,  这里所有urllib2的文档 http://docs.python.org/release/2.7/library/urllib2.html
那Requests是怎么样解决同样的问题的呢?

Requests

>>> import requests 
>>> url = 'http://example.test/secret' 
>>> response = requests.get(url,auth=('dan','h0tdish'))
>>> response.status_code 
200 
>>> response.content 
u'Welcome to the secret page!' 

只是在调用方法的时候增加了一个auth关键字函数
我敢打赌你不用查文档也能记住。

错误处理 Error Handling

Requests对错误的处理也是很非常方面。如果你使用了不正确的用户名和密码,urllib2会引发一个urllib2.URLError错误,然而Requests会像你期望的那样返回一个正常的response对象。只需查看response.ok的布尔值便可以知道是否登陆成功。

>>> response = requests.get(url,auth=('dan','wrongPass'))
>>> response.ok 
False 

其他的一些特性:

* Requests对于HEAD, POST, PUT, PATCH, 和 DELETE方法的api同样简单
* 它可以处理多部分上传,同样支持自动转码
* 文档更好
* 还有更多

Requests 是很好的,下次需要使用HTTP时候可以试试。

希望本文所述对大家的Python程序设计有所帮助。

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