先看下object类中对__new__()方法的定义:
class object: @staticmethod # known case of __new__ def __new__(cls, *more): # known special case of object.__new__ """ T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T """ pass
object将__new__()方法定义为静态方法,并且至少需要传递一个参数cls,cls表示需要实例化的类,此参数在实例化时由Python解释器自动提供。
我们来看下下面类中对__new__()方法的实现:
class Demo(object): def __init__(self): print '__init__() called...' def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs): print '__new__() - {cls}'.format(cls=cls) return object.__new__(cls, *args, **kwargs) if __name__ == '__main__': de = Demo()
输出:
__new__() - <class '__main__.Demo'> __init__() called...
发现实例化对象的时候,调用__init__()初始化之前,先调用了__new__()方法
__new__()必须要有返回值,返回实例化出来的实例,需要注意的是,可以return父类__new__()出来的实例,也可以直接将object的__new__()出来的实例返回。
__init__()有一个参数self,该self参数就是__new__()返回的实例,__init__()在__new__()的基础上可以完成一些其它初始化的动作,__init__()不需要返回值。
若__new__()没有正确返回当前类cls的实例,那__init__()将不会被调用,即使是父类的实例也不行。
我们可以将类比作制造商,__new__()方法就是前期的原材料购买环节,__init__()方法就是在有原材料的基础上,加工,初始化商品环节。
实际应用过程中,我们可以这么使用:
class LxmlDocument(object_ref): cache = weakref.WeakKeyDictionary() __slots__ = ['__weakref__'] def __new__(cls, response, parser=etree.HTMLParser): cache = cls.cache.setdefault(response, {}) if parser not in cache: obj = object_ref.__new__(cls) cache[parser] = _factory(response, parser) return cache[parser]
该类中的__new__()方法的使用,就是再进行初始化之前,检查缓存中是否存在该对象,如果存在则将缓存存放对象直接返回,如果不存在,则将对象放至缓存中,供下次使用。

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