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HomeBackend DevelopmentPython Tutorial在Python中使用__slots__方法的详细教程

正常情况下,当我们定义了一个class,创建了一个class的实例后,我们可以给该实例绑定任何属性和方法,这就是动态语言的灵活性。先定义class:

>>> class Student(object):
...   pass
...

然后,尝试给实例绑定一个属性:

>>> s = Student()
>>> s.name = 'Michael' # 动态给实例绑定一个属性
>>> print s.name
Michael

还可以尝试给实例绑定一个方法:

>>> def set_age(self, age): # 定义一个函数作为实例方法
...   self.age = age
...
>>> from types import MethodType
>>> s.set_age = MethodType(set_age, s, Student) # 给实例绑定一个方法
>>> s.set_age(25) # 调用实例方法
>>> s.age # 测试结果
25

但是,给一个实例绑定的方法,对另一个实例是不起作用的:

>>> s2 = Student() # 创建新的实例
>>> s2.set_age(25) # 尝试调用方法
Traceback (most recent call last):
 File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
AttributeError: 'Student' object has no attribute 'set_age'

为了给所有实例都绑定方法,可以给class绑定方法:

>>> def set_score(self, score):
...   self.score = score
...
>>> Student.set_score = MethodType(set_score, None, Student)

给class绑定方法后,所有实例均可调用:

>>> s.set_score(100)
>>> s.score
100
>>> s2.set_score(99)
>>> s2.score
99

通常情况下,上面的set_score方法可以直接定义在class中,但动态绑定允许我们在程序运行的过程中动态给class加上功能,这在静态语言中很难实现。
使用__slots__

但是,如果我们想要限制class的属性怎么办?比如,只允许对Student实例添加name和age属性。

为了达到限制的目的,Python允许在定义class的时候,定义一个特殊的__slots__变量,来限制该class能添加的属性:

>>> class Student(object):
...   __slots__ = ('name', 'age') # 用tuple定义允许绑定的属性名称
...

然后,我们试试:

>>> s = Student() # 创建新的实例
>>> s.name = 'Michael' # 绑定属性'name'
>>> s.age = 25 # 绑定属性'age'
>>> s.score = 99 # 绑定属性'score'
Traceback (most recent call last):
 File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
AttributeError: 'Student' object has no attribute 'score'

由于'score'没有被放到__slots__中,所以不能绑定score属性,试图绑定score将得到AttributeError的错误。

使用__slots__要注意,__slots__定义的属性仅对当前类起作用,对继承的子类是不起作用的:

>>> class GraduateStudent(Student):
...   pass
...
>>> g = GraduateStudent()
>>> g.score = 9999
Try

除非在子类中也定义__slots__,这样,子类允许定义的属性就是自身的__slots__加上父类的__slots__。

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