XML虽然比JSON复杂,在Web中应用也不如以前多了,不过仍有很多地方在用,所以,有必要了解如何操作XML。
DOM vs SAX
操作XML有两种方法:DOM和SAX。DOM会把整个XML读入内存,解析为树,因此占用内存大,解析慢,优点是可以任意遍历树的节点。SAX是流模式,边读边解析,占用内存小,解析快,缺点是我们需要自己处理事件。
正常情况下,优先考虑SAX,因为DOM实在太占内存。
在Python中使用SAX解析XML非常简洁,通常我们关心的事件是start_element,end_element和char_data,准备好这3个函数,然后就可以解析xml了。
举个例子,当SAX解析器读到一个节点时:
<a href="/">python</a>
会产生3个事件:
- start_element事件,在读取时;
- char_data事件,在读取python时;
- end_element事件,在读取时。
用代码实验一下:
from xml.parsers.expat import ParserCreate class DefaultSaxHandler(object): def start_element(self, name, attrs): print('sax:start_element: %s, attrs: %s' % (name, str(attrs))) def end_element(self, name): print('sax:end_element: %s' % name) def char_data(self, text): print('sax:char_data: %s' % text) xml = r'''<?xml version="1.0"?> <ol> <li><a href="/python">Python</a></li> <li><a href="/ruby">Ruby</a></li> </ol> ''' handler = DefaultSaxHandler() parser = ParserCreate() parser.returns_unicode = True parser.StartElementHandler = handler.start_element parser.EndElementHandler = handler.end_element parser.CharacterDataHandler = handler.char_data parser.Parse(xml)
当设置returns_unicode为True时,返回的所有element名称和char_data都是unicode,处理国际化更方便。
需要注意的是读取一大段字符串时,CharacterDataHandler可能被多次调用,所以需要自己保存起来,在EndElementHandler里面再合并。
除了解析XML外,如何生成XML呢?99%的情况下需要生成的XML结构都是非常简单的,因此,最简单也是最有效的生成XML的方法是拼接字符串:
L = [] L.append(r'<?xml version="1.0"?>') L.append(r'<root>') L.append(encode('some & data')) L.append(r'</root>') return ''.join(L)
如果要生成复杂的XML呢?建议你不要用XML,改成JSON。
小结
解析XML时,注意找出自己感兴趣的节点,响应事件时,把节点数据保存起来。解析完毕后,就可以处理数据。
练习一下解析Yahoo的XML格式的天气预报,获取当天和最近几天的天气:
http://weather.yahooapis.com/forecastrss?u=c&w=2151330
参数w是城市代码,要查询某个城市代码,可以在weather.yahoo.com搜索城市,浏览器地址栏的URL就包含城市代码。

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