我们都知道并发(不是并行)编程目前有四种方式,多进程,多线程,异步,和协程。
多进程编程在python中有类似C的os.fork,当然还有更高层封装的multiprocessing标准库,在之前写过的python高可用程序设计方法中提供了类似nginx中master process和worker process间信号处理的方式,保证了业务进程的退出可以被主进程感知。
多线程编程python中有Thread和threading,在linux下所谓的线程,实际上是LWP轻量级进程,其在内核中具有和进程相同的调度方式,有关LWP,COW(写时拷贝),fork,vfork,clone等的资料较多,这里不再赘述。
异步在linux下主要有三种实现select,poll,epoll,关于异步不是本文的重点。
说协程肯定要说yield,我们先来看一个例子:
#coding=utf-8 import time import sys # 生产者 def produce(l): i=0 while 1: if i < 5: l.append(i) yield i i=i+1 time.sleep(1) else: return # 消费者 def consume(l): p = produce(l) while 1: try: p.next() while len(l) > 0: print l.pop() except StopIteration: sys.exit(0) l = [] consume(l)
在上面的例子中,当程序执行到produce的yield i时,返回了一个generator,当我们在custom中调用p.next(),程序又返回到produce的yield i继续执行,这样l中又append了元素,然后我们print l.pop(),直到p.next()引发了StopIteration异常。
通过上面的例子我们看到协程的调度对于内核来说是不可见的,协程间是协同调度的,这使得并发量在上万的时候,协程的性能是远高于线程的。
import stackless import urllib2 def output(): while 1: url=chan.receive() print url f=urllib2.urlopen(url) #print f.read() print stackless.getcurrent() def input(): f=open('url.txt') l=f.readlines() for i in l: chan.send(i) chan=stackless.channel() [stackless.tasklet(output)() for i in xrange(10)] stackless.tasklet(input)() stackless.run()
关于协程,可以参考greenlet,stackless,gevent,eventlet等的实现。

ThedifferencebetweenaforloopandawhileloopinPythonisthataforloopisusedwhenthenumberofiterationsisknowninadvance,whileawhileloopisusedwhenaconditionneedstobecheckedrepeatedlywithoutknowingthenumberofiterations.1)Forloopsareidealforiteratingoversequence

In Python, for loops are suitable for cases where the number of iterations is known, while loops are suitable for cases where the number of iterations is unknown and more control is required. 1) For loops are suitable for traversing sequences, such as lists, strings, etc., with concise and Pythonic code. 2) While loops are more appropriate when you need to control the loop according to conditions or wait for user input, but you need to pay attention to avoid infinite loops. 3) In terms of performance, the for loop is slightly faster, but the difference is usually not large. Choosing the right loop type can improve the efficiency and readability of your code.

In Python, lists can be merged through five methods: 1) Use operators, which are simple and intuitive, suitable for small lists; 2) Use extend() method to directly modify the original list, suitable for lists that need to be updated frequently; 3) Use list analytical formulas, concise and operational on elements; 4) Use itertools.chain() function to efficient memory and suitable for large data sets; 5) Use * operators and zip() function to be suitable for scenes where elements need to be paired. Each method has its specific uses and advantages and disadvantages, and the project requirements and performance should be taken into account when choosing.

Forloopsareusedwhenthenumberofiterationsisknown,whilewhileloopsareuseduntilaconditionismet.1)Forloopsareidealforsequenceslikelists,usingsyntaxlike'forfruitinfruits:print(fruit)'.2)Whileloopsaresuitableforunknowniterationcounts,e.g.,'whilecountdown>

ToconcatenatealistoflistsinPython,useextend,listcomprehensions,itertools.chain,orrecursivefunctions.1)Extendmethodisstraightforwardbutverbose.2)Listcomprehensionsareconciseandefficientforlargerdatasets.3)Itertools.chainismemory-efficientforlargedatas

TomergelistsinPython,youcanusethe operator,extendmethod,listcomprehension,oritertools.chain,eachwithspecificadvantages:1)The operatorissimplebutlessefficientforlargelists;2)extendismemory-efficientbutmodifiestheoriginallist;3)listcomprehensionoffersf

In Python 3, two lists can be connected through a variety of methods: 1) Use operator, which is suitable for small lists, but is inefficient for large lists; 2) Use extend method, which is suitable for large lists, with high memory efficiency, but will modify the original list; 3) Use * operator, which is suitable for merging multiple lists, without modifying the original list; 4) Use itertools.chain, which is suitable for large data sets, with high memory efficiency.

Using the join() method is the most efficient way to connect strings from lists in Python. 1) Use the join() method to be efficient and easy to read. 2) The cycle uses operators inefficiently for large lists. 3) The combination of list comprehension and join() is suitable for scenarios that require conversion. 4) The reduce() method is suitable for other types of reductions, but is inefficient for string concatenation. The complete sentence ends.


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