我们很少会一次性从数据库中取出所有的数据;通常都只针对一部分数据进行操作。 在Django API中,我们可以使用`` filter()`` 方法对数据进行过滤:
>>> Publisher.objects.filter(name='Apress') [<Publisher: Apress>]
filter() 根据关键字参数来转换成 WHERE SQL语句。 前面这个例子 相当于这样:
SELECT id, name, address, city, state_province, country, website FROM books_publisher WHERE name = 'Apress';
你可以传递多个参数到 filter() 来缩小选取范围:
>>> Publisher.objects.filter(country="U.S.A.", state_province="CA") [<Publisher: Apress>]
多个参数会被转换成 AND SQL从句, 因此上面的代码可以转化成这样:
SELECT id, name, address, city, state_province, country, website FROM books_publisher WHERE country = 'U.S.A.' AND state_province = 'CA';
注意,SQL缺省的 = 操作符是精确匹配的, 其他类型的查找也可以使用:
>>> Publisher.objects.filter(name__contains="press") [<Publisher: Apress>]
在 name 和 contains 之间有双下划线。和Python一样,Django也使用双下划线来表明会进行一些魔术般的操作。这里,contains部分会被Django翻译成LIKE语句:
SELECT id, name, address, city, state_province, country, website FROM books_publisher WHERE name LIKE '%press%';
其他的一些查找类型有:icontains(大小写无关的LIKE),startswith和endswith, 还有range(SQLBETWEEN查询)。

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In Python, you can connect lists and manage duplicate elements through a variety of methods: 1) Use operators or extend() to retain all duplicate elements; 2) Convert to sets and then return to lists to remove all duplicate elements, but the original order will be lost; 3) Use loops or list comprehensions to combine sets to remove duplicate elements and maintain the original order.


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