SQL Server中有几个可以让你检测、调整和优化SQL Server性能的工具
在本文中,我将说明如何用SQL Server的工具来优化数据库索引的使用,本文还涉及到有关索引的一般性知识。关于索引的常识
影响到数据库性能的最大因素就是索引。由于该问题的复杂性,我只可能简单的谈谈这个问题,不过关于这方面的问题,目前有好几本不错的书籍可供你参阅。我在这里只讨论两种SQL Server索引,即clustered索引和nonclustered索引。当考察建立什么类型的索引时,你应当考虑数据类型和保存这些数据的column。同样,你也必须考虑数据库可能用到的查询类型以及使用的最为频繁的查询类型。
索引的类型
如果column保存了高度相关的数据,并且常常被顺序访问时,最好使用clustered索引,这是因为如果使用clustered索引,SQL Server会在物理上按升序(默认)或者降序重排数据列,这样就可以迅速的找到被查询的数据。同样,在搜寻控制在一定范围内的情况下,对这些column也最好使用clustered索引。这是因为由于物理上重排数据,每个表格上只有一个clustered索引。
与上面情况相反,如果columns包含的数据相关性较差,你可以使用nonculstered索引。你可以在一个表格中使用高达249个nonclustered索引——尽管我想象不出实际应用场合会用的上这么多索引。
当表格使用主关键字(primary keys),默认情况下SQL Server会自动对包含该关键字的column(s)建立一个独有的cluster索引。很显然,对这些column(s)建立独有索引意味着主关键字的唯一性。当建立外关键字(foreign key)关系时,如果你打算频繁使用它,那么在外关键字cloumn上建立nonclustered索引不失为一个好的方法。如果表格有clustered索引,那么它用一个链表来维护数据页之间的关系。相反,如果表格没有clustered索引,SQL Server将在一个堆栈中保存数据页。
数据页
当索引建立起来的时候,SQLServer就建立数据页(datapage),数据页是用以加速搜索的指针。当索引建立起来的时候,其对应的填充因子也即被设置。设置填充因子的目的是为了指示该索引中数据页的百分比。随着时间的推移,数据库的更新会消耗掉已有的空闲空间,这就会导致页被拆分。页拆分的后果是降低了索引的性能,因而使用该索引的查询会导致数据存储的支离破碎。当建立一个索引时,该索引的填充因子即被设置好了,因此填充因子不能动态维护。
为了更新数据页中的填充因子,我们可以停止旧有索引并重建索引,并重新设置填充因子(注意:这将影响到当前数据库的运行,在重要场合请谨慎使用)。DBCC INDEXDEFRAG和DBCC DBREINDEX是清除clustered和nonculstered索引碎片的两个命令。INDEXDEFRAG是一种在线操作(也就是说,它不会阻塞其它表格动作,如查询),而DBREINDEX则在物理上重建索引。在绝大多数情况下,重建索引可以更好的消除碎片,但是这个优点是以阻塞当前发生在该索引所在表格上其它动作为代价换取来得。当出现较大的碎片索引时,INDEXDEFRAG会花上一段比较长的时间,这是因为该命令的运行是基于小的交互块(transactional block)。
填充因子
当你执行上述措施中的任何一个,数据库引擎可以更有效的返回编入索引的数据。关于填充因子(fillfactor)话题已经超出了本文的范畴,不过我还是提醒你需要注意那些打算使用填充因子建立索引的表格。
在执行查询时,SQL Server动态选择使用哪个索引。为此,SQL Server根据每个索引上分布在该关键字上的统计量来决定使用哪个索引。值得注意的是,经过日常的数据库活动(如插入、删除和更新表格),SQL Server用到的这些统计量可能已经“过期”了,需要更新。你可以通过执行DBCC SHOWCONTIG来查看统计量的状态。当你认为统计量已经“过期”时,你可以执行该表格的UPDATE STATISTICS命令,这样SQL Server就刷新了关于该索引的信息了。
建立数据库维护计划
SQL Server提供了一种简化并自动维护数据库的工具。这个称之为数据库维护计划向导(Database Maintenance Plan Wizard ,DMPW)的工具也包括了对索引的优化。如果你运行这个向导,你会看到关于数据库中关于索引的统计量,这些统计量作为日志工作并定时更新,这样就减轻了手工重建索引所带来的工作量。如果你不想自动定期刷新索引统计量,你还可以在DMPW中选择重新组织数据和数据页,这将停止旧有索引并按特定的填充因子重建索引。

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