如果我们需要将两个select语句的结果作为一个整体显示出来,我们就需要用到union或者union all关键字。union(或称为联合)的作用是将多个结果合并在一起显示出来
Union 与 Union ALL 的作用都是合并 SELECT 的查询结果集,那么它们有什么不同呢?Union 将查询到的结果集合并后进行重查,将其中相同的行去除。缺点:效率低;
而Union ALL 则只是合并查询的结果集,并不重新查询,效率高,但是可能会出现冗余数据。
我们举个例子来说明一下:
比如数据库中有两张表 tab1 和 tab2。
tab1 中的数据有:
tab2 中的数据有:
执行查询:
代码如下:SELECT * FROM tab1 UNION SELECT * FROM tab2结果如下:
如果执行如下查询:
代码如下:
SELECT * FROM tab1 UNION ALL SELECT * FROM tab2
则结果如下:
这回看出来有什么不同了吧?
union和union all的区别是,union会自动压缩多个结果集合中的重复结果,而union all则将所有的结果全部显示出来,不管是不是重复。
Union:对两个结果集进行并集操作,不包括重复行,同时进行默认规则的排序;
Union All:对两个结果集进行并集操作,包括重复行,不进行排序;
Intersect:对两个结果集进行交集操作,不包括重复行,同时进行默认规则的排序;
Minus:对两个结果集进行差操作,不包括重复行,同时进行默认规则的排序。
可以在最后一个结果集中指定Order by子句改变排序方式。
例如:
代码如下:
select employee_id,job_id from employees
union
select employee_id,job_id from job_history
以上将两个表的结果联合在一起。这两个例子会将两个select语句的结果中的重复值进行压缩,也就是结果的数据并不是两条结果的条数的和。如果希望即使重复的结果显示出来可以使用union all,例如:
2.在oracle的scott用户中有表emp
代码如下:
select * from emp where deptno >= 20
union all
select * from emp where deptno
这里的结果就有很多重复值了。
有关union和union all关键字需要注意的问题是:
union 和 union all都可以将多个结果集合并,而不仅仅是两个,你可以将多个结果集串起来。
使用union和union all必须保证各个select 集合的结果有相同个数的列,并且每个列的类型是一样的。但列名则不一定需要相同,oracle会将第一个结果的列名作为结果集的列名。例如下面是一个例子:
代码如下:
select empno,ename from emp
union
select deptno,dname from dept
我们没有必要在每一个select结果集中使用order by子句来进行排序,我们可以在最后使用一条order by来对整个结果进行排序。例如:
代码如下:
select empno,ename from emp
union
select deptno,dname from dept
order by ename;

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Key metrics for EXPLAIN commands include type, key, rows, and Extra. 1) The type reflects the access type of the query. The higher the value, the higher the efficiency, such as const is better than ALL. 2) The key displays the index used, and NULL indicates no index. 3) rows estimates the number of scanned rows, affecting query performance. 4) Extra provides additional information, such as Usingfilesort prompts that it needs to be optimized.

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