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MySQL服务维护笔记

内容摘要:使用MySQL服务的一些经验,主要从以下几个方面考虑的MySQL服务规划设计。对于高负载站点来说PHP和MySQL运行在一起(或者说任何应用和数据库运行在一起的规划)都是性能最大的瓶颈,这样的设计有如让人一手画圆一手画方,这样2个人的工作效率肯定不如让一个人专门画圆一个人专门画方效率高,让应用和数据库都跑在一台高性能服务器上说不定还不如跑在2台普通服务器上快。


以下就是针对MySQL作为专门的数据库服务器的优化建议:

MySQL服务的安装/配置的通用性;
系统的升级和数据迁移方便性;
备份和系统快速恢复;
数据库应用的设计要点;
一次应用优化实战;
MySQL服务器的规划
=================
为了以后维护,升级备份的方便和数据的安全性,最好将MySQL程序文件和数据分别安装在“不同的硬件”上。


/ / | /usr | /home/mysql-3.23.54/ | /data/app_2/ /data/app_3/
MySQL服务的安装和服务的启动:
MySQL一般使用当前STABLE的版本:
尽量不使用--with-charset=选项,我感觉with-charset只在按字母排序的时候才有用,这些选项会对数据的迁移带来很多麻烦。
尽量不使用innodb,innodb主要用于需要外键,事务等企业级支持,代价是速度比MYISAM有数量级的下降。
./configure --prefix=/home/mysql --without-innodb
make
make install

服务的启动和停止
================
1 复制缺省的mysql/var/mysql到 /data/app_1/目录下,
2 MySQLD的启动脚本:start_mysql.sh
#!/bin/sh
rundir=`dirname "$0"`
echo "$rundir"
/home/mysql/bin/safe_mysqld --user=mysql --pid-file="$rundir"/mysql.pid --datadir="$rundir"/var "$@"
-O max_connections=500 -O wait_timeout=600 -O key_buffer=32M --port=3402 --socket="$rundir"/mysql.sock &
注释:
--pid-file="$rundir"/mysql.pid --socket="$rundir"/mysql.sock --datadir="$rundir"/var
目的都是将相应数据和应用临时文件放在一起;
-O 后面一般是服务器启动全局变量优化参数,有时候需要根据具体应用调整;
--port: 不同的应用使用PORT参数分布到不同的服务上去,一个服务可以提供的连接数一般是MySQL服务的主要瓶颈;

修改不同的服务到不同的端口后,在rc.local文件中加入:
/data/app_1/start_mysql.sh
/data/app_2/start_mysql.sh
/data/app_3/start_mysql.sh
注意:必须写全路径

3 MySQLD的停止脚本:stop_mysql.sh
#!/bin/sh
rundir=`dirname "$0"`
echo "$rundir"
/home/mysql/bin/mysqladmin -u mysql -S"$rundir"/mysql.sock shutdown

使用这个脚本的好处在于:
1 多个服务启动:对于不同服务只需要修改脚本中的--port[=端口号]参数。单个目录下的数据和服务脚本都是可以独立打包的。
2 所有服务相应文件都位于/data/app_1/目录下:比如:mysql.pid mysql.sock,当一台服务器上启动多个服务时,多个服务不会互相影响。但都放到缺省的/tmp/下则有可能被其他应用误删。
3 当硬盘1出问题以后,直接将硬盘2放到一台装好MySQL的服务器上就可以立刻恢复服务(如果放到my.cnf里则还需要备份相应的配置文件)。

服务启动后/data/app_1/下相应的文件和目录分布如下:
/data/app_1/
start_mysql.sh 服务启动脚本
stop_mysql.sh 服务停止脚本
mysql.pid 服务的进程ID
mysql.sock 服务的SOCK
var/ 数据区
mysql/ 用户库
app_1_db_1/ 应用库
app_1_db_2/
...
/data/app_2/
...

查看所有的应用进程ID:
cat /data/*/mysql.pid

查看所有数据库的错误日志:
cat /data/*/var/*.err

个人建议:MySQL的主要瓶颈在PORT的连接数上,因此,将表结构优化好以后,相应单个MySQL服务的CPU占用仍然在10%以上,就要考虑将服务拆分到多个PORT上运行了。

服务的备份
==========
尽量使用MySQL DUMP而不是直接备份数据文件,以下是一个按weekday将数据轮循备份的脚本:备份的间隔和周期可以根据备份的需求确定
/home/mysql/bin/mysqldump -S/data/app_1/mysql.sock -umysql db_name | gzip -f>/path/to/backup/db_name.`data +%w`.dump.gz
因此写在CRONTAB中一般是:
15 4 * * * /home/mysql/bin/mysqldump -S/data/app_1/mysql.sock -umysql db_name | gzip -f>/path/to/backup/db_name.`data +%w`.dump.gz
注意:
1 在crontab中'%'需要转义成'%'
2 根据日志统计,应用负载最低的时候一般是在早上4-6点

先备份在本地然后传到远程的备份服务器上,或者直接建立一个数据库备份帐号,直接在远程的服务器上备份,远程备份只需要将以上脚本中的-S /path/to/msyql.sock改成-h IP.ADDRESS即可。
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