锁机制是数据库有别于文件系统的一个重要的特点,也是用来管理并发访问的一个有效的方式。MySQL的锁分为表级锁、页级锁与行级锁。表级锁是MySQL中粒度最大的一种锁,它实现简单,资源消耗较少,被大部分MySQL引擎支持。最常使用的MYISAM与INNODB都支持表级锁
锁机制是数据库有别于文件系统的一个重要的特点,也是用来管理并发访问的一个有效的方式。MySQL的锁分为表级锁、页级锁与行级锁。表级锁是MySQL中粒度最大的一种锁,它实现简单,资源消耗较少,被大部分MySQL引擎支持。最常使用的MYISAM与INNODB都支持表级锁定。表级锁定分为两类,读锁与写锁。读锁是预期将对数据表进行读取操作,锁定期间保证表不能被修改。写锁是预期会对数据表更新操作,锁定期间保证表不能被其他线程更新或读取。
读锁:
用法: LOCK TABLE table_name [ AS alias_name ] READ
指定数据表,LOCK类型为READ即可,AS别名是可选参数,如果指定别名,使用时也要指定别名才可
申请读锁前提:当前没有线程对该数据表使用写锁,否则申请会阻塞。
操作限制:其他线程可以对锁定表使用读锁;其他线程不可以对锁定表使用写锁
写操作 读操作
使用读锁线程 否(报错) 能
不使用读锁线程 否(阻塞) 能
对于使用读锁的MySQL线程,由于读锁不允许任何线程对锁定表进行修改,在释放锁资源前,该线程对表操作只能进行读操作,写操作时会提示非法操作。而对于其他没使用锁的MySQL线程,对锁定表进行读操作可以正常进行,但是进行写操作时,线程会等待读锁的释放,当锁定表的所有读锁都释放时,线程才会响应写操作。
写锁:
用法: LOCK TABLE table_name [AS alias_name] [ LOW_PRIORITY ] WRITE
别名用法与读锁一样,写锁增加了指定优先级的功能,加入LOW_PRIORITY可以指定写锁为低优先级。
申请写锁前提: 当没有线程对该数据表使用写锁与读锁,否则申请回阻塞。
操作限制:其他MySQL线程不可以对锁表使用写锁、读锁
写操作 读操作
使用写锁线程 能 能
不使用写锁线程 否(阻塞) 能(阻塞)
对于使用写锁的MySQL线程,其可以对锁定表进行读写操作。但是对于其他线程,对指定表读写操作都是非法的,需要等待直到写锁释放。
锁分配优先级:
对于锁分配的优先级,是: LOW_PRIORITY WRITE
1. 当多个线程申请锁,会优先分配给WRITE锁,不存在WRITE锁时,才分配READ锁,LOW_PRIORITY WRITE需要等到WRITE锁与READ都释放后,才有机会分配到资源。
2. 对于相同优先级的锁申请,分配原则为谁先申请,谁先分配。
注意事项:
1. 不能操作(查询或更新)没有被锁定的表。
例如当只申请table1的读锁,SQL语句中包含对table2的操作是非法的。例如:
mysql> LOCK TABLE test READ;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> SELECT * FROM test_myisam;
ERROR 1100 (HY000): Table 'test_myisam' was not locked with LOCK TABLES
2. 不能在一个SQL中使用两次表(除非使用别名)
当SQL语句中多次使用一张表时,系统会报错。例如:
mysql> LOCK TABLE test READ;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> SELECT * FROM test WHERE id IN (SELECT id FROM test );
ERROR 1100 (HY000): Table 'test' was not locked with LOCK TABLES
解决这个问题的方法是使用别名,如果多次使用到一个表,需要声明多个别名。
mysql> LOCK TABLE test AS t1 READ, test AS t2 READ;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> SELECT * FROM test AS t1 WHERE id IN (SELECT id FROM test AS t2);
+----+-----------+
| id | content |
+----+-----------+
| 1 | tt_1 |
| 3 | new_3 |
| 4 | new_4 |
| 5 | content_5 |
+----+-----------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
3. 申请锁时使用别名,使用锁定表时必须加上别名。

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