SQL查询语句精华使用简要
一、 简单查询简单的Transact-SQL查询只包括选择列表、FROM子句和Where子句。它们分别说明所查询列、查询的
表或视图、以及搜索条件等。
例如,下面的语句查询testtable表中姓名为“张三”的nickname字段和email字段。
Select nickname,email
FROM testtable
Where name='张三'
(一) 选择列表
选择列表(select_list)指出所查询列,它可以是一组列名列表、星号、表达式、变量(包括局部变
量和全局变量)等构成。
1、选择所有列
例如,下面语句显示testtable表中所有列的数据:
Select *
FROM testtable
2、选择部分列并指定它们的显示次序
查询结果集合中数据的排列顺序与选择列表中所指定的列名排列顺序相同。
例如:
Select nickname,email
FROM testtable
3、更改列标题
在选择列表中,可重新指定列标题。定义格式为:
列标题=列名
列名 列标题
如果指定的列标题不是标准的标识符格式时,应使用引号定界符,例如,下列语句使用汉字显示列
标题:
Select 昵称=nickname,电子邮件=email
FROM testtable
4、删除重复行
Select语句中使用ALL或DISTINCT选项来显示表中符合条件的所有行或删除其中重复的数据行,默认
为ALL。使用DISTINCT选项时,对于所有重复的数据行在Select返回的结果集合中只保留一行。
5、限制返回的行数
使用TOP n [PERCENT]选项限制返回的数据行数,TOP n说明返回n行,而TOP n PERCENT时,说明n是
表示一百分数,指定返回的行数等于总行数的百分之几。
例如:
Select TOP 2 *
FROM testtable
Select TOP 20 PERCENT *
FROM testtable
(二)FROM子句
FROM子句指定Select语句查询及与查询相关的表或视图。在FROM子句中最多可指定256个表或视图,
它们之间用逗号分隔。
在FROM子句同时指定多个表或视图时,如果选择列表中存在同名列,这时应使用对象名限定这些列
所属的表或视图。例如在usertable和citytable表中同时存在cityid列,在查询两个表中的cityid时应
使用下面语句格式加以限定:
Select username,citytable.cityid
FROM usertable,citytable
Where usertable.cityid=citytable.cityid
在FROM子句中可用以下两种格式为表或视图指定别名:
表名 as 别名
表名 别名
(二) FROM子句
FROM子句指定Select语句查询及与查询相关的表或视图。在FROM子句中最多可指定256个表或视图,
它们之间用逗号分隔。
在FROM子句同时指定多个表或视图时,如果选择列表中存在同名列,这时应使用对象名限定这些列
所属的表或视图。例如在usertable和citytable表中同时存在cityid列,在查询两个表中的cityid时应
使用下面语句格式加以限定:
Select username,citytable.cityid
FROM usertable,citytable
Where usertable.cityid=citytable.cityid
在FROM子句中可用以下两种格式为表或视图指定别名:
表名 as 别名
表名 别名
例如上面语句可用表的别名格式表示为:
Select username,b.cityid
FROM usertable a,citytable b
Where a.cityid=b.cityid
Select不仅能从表或视图中检索数据,它还能够从其它查询语句所返回的结果集合中查询数据。
例如:
Select a.au_fname+a.au_lname
FROM authors a,titleauthor ta
(Select title_id,title
FROM titles
Where ytd_sales>10000
) AS t
Where a.au_id=ta.au_id
AND ta.title_id=t.title_id
此例中,将Select返回的结果集合给予一别名t,然后再从中检索数据。

ACID attributes include atomicity, consistency, isolation and durability, and are the cornerstone of database design. 1. Atomicity ensures that the transaction is either completely successful or completely failed. 2. Consistency ensures that the database remains consistent before and after a transaction. 3. Isolation ensures that transactions do not interfere with each other. 4. Persistence ensures that data is permanently saved after transaction submission.

MySQL is not only a database management system (DBMS) but also closely related to programming languages. 1) As a DBMS, MySQL is used to store, organize and retrieve data, and optimizing indexes can improve query performance. 2) Combining SQL with programming languages, embedded in Python, using ORM tools such as SQLAlchemy can simplify operations. 3) Performance optimization includes indexing, querying, caching, library and table division and transaction management.

MySQL uses SQL commands to manage data. 1. Basic commands include SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE and DELETE. 2. Advanced usage involves JOIN, subquery and aggregate functions. 3. Common errors include syntax, logic and performance issues. 4. Optimization tips include using indexes, avoiding SELECT* and using LIMIT.

MySQL is an efficient relational database management system suitable for storing and managing data. Its advantages include high-performance queries, flexible transaction processing and rich data types. In practical applications, MySQL is often used in e-commerce platforms, social networks and content management systems, but attention should be paid to performance optimization, data security and scalability.

The relationship between SQL and MySQL is the relationship between standard languages and specific implementations. 1.SQL is a standard language used to manage and operate relational databases, allowing data addition, deletion, modification and query. 2.MySQL is a specific database management system that uses SQL as its operating language and provides efficient data storage and management.

InnoDB uses redologs and undologs to ensure data consistency and reliability. 1.redologs record data page modification to ensure crash recovery and transaction persistence. 2.undologs records the original data value and supports transaction rollback and MVCC.

Key metrics for EXPLAIN commands include type, key, rows, and Extra. 1) The type reflects the access type of the query. The higher the value, the higher the efficiency, such as const is better than ALL. 2) The key displays the index used, and NULL indicates no index. 3) rows estimates the number of scanned rows, affecting query performance. 4) Extra provides additional information, such as Usingfilesort prompts that it needs to be optimized.

Usingtemporary indicates that the need to create temporary tables in MySQL queries, which are commonly found in ORDERBY using DISTINCT, GROUPBY, or non-indexed columns. You can avoid the occurrence of indexes and rewrite queries and improve query performance. Specifically, when Usingtemporary appears in EXPLAIN output, it means that MySQL needs to create temporary tables to handle queries. This usually occurs when: 1) deduplication or grouping when using DISTINCT or GROUPBY; 2) sort when ORDERBY contains non-index columns; 3) use complex subquery or join operations. Optimization methods include: 1) ORDERBY and GROUPB


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