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SQL SERVER的优化建议与方法

在实际的工作中,尤其是在生产环境里边,SQL语句的优化问题十分的重要,它对数据库的性能的提升也起着显著的作用.我们总是在抱怨机器的性能问题,总是在抱怨并发访问所带来的琐问题,但是如果我们对没一条SQL语句进行优化,尽管不能说可以解决全部问题,但是至少可以解决大部分问题.
1.Top排序问题.
我们经常要对表某个字段进行排序,然后取前N名.所以我们会写如下的SQL语句:
select top 100 * from 表
order by Score desc
  如果表非常大的话,那么这样的操作是非常消耗资源的,因为SQL SERVER要对整个表进行排序,然后取前N条记录.这样的造作是在Temdb里边进行的,所以极端的时候会报Log已满这样的错误.为了避免进行全表的排序,我们要做的仅仅是在Score上建立索引,这样因为Score索引的叶级是有序的,只要在Score所以的页级取前100个,然后根据书签查找到实际的记录,这样对DB的性能就会有极大的提升.
2.同一天问题.
我们经常要查找和一个日期同一天的记录,所以我们回写如下的SQL语句;
declare @DateTime datetime
set @DateTime=getdate()
select * from 表
where convert(char(10),F_Time,120)=convert(char(10),@DateTime,120)
  但是这样写的SQL语句带来的问题就是不能使用F_Time上的索引了.为了近可能的使用F_Time上的索引,我们可以使用时间段查询的方式来代替上边的语句.
declare @start datetime
declare @end datetime
declare @datetime datetime
set @datetime=getdate()
set @start=convert(char(10),@datetime,120) -- 一天的其始时间
set @end=dateadd(ss,-1,dateadd(d,1,@start)) -- 一天的结束时间
select *from 表 where F_Time between @start and @end
这样就解决了使用不上索引的问题.
3.利用索引进行分组操作.】  我们经常要对某一字段进行分组,而对另外一些字段进行聚合操作.如果我们对分组的字段合理的使用索引,可以加快我们分组的速度.下边以Northwind的Orders表为例:
-- orders表的EmployeeID上建有索引.
select EmployeeID,count(*)
from orders
group by EmployeeID
-- 查看执行计划,此查询利用了EmployeeID上的索引.如改成如下查询:
select EmployeeID,sum(Freight)
from orders
group by EmployeeID
-- 查看执行计划,此查询则没有使用EmployeeID上的索引.而是使用了全表扫描.那么原因是什么呢?是因为Freight没有在EmployeeID的索引上,所以通过索引不能得到结果.而如果通过书签查询的成本太高,所以SQL SERVER选择了使用全表扫描.而如果我们执行在EmployeeID和Freight上建立复合索引呢?
create index idx_EmployeeID on orders(EmployeeID,Freight)
-- 再次执行第二个查询.查看执行计划.SQL SERVER使用的我们建立的索引.只需要使用索引就可以查询到结果,极大的提高了我们的查询速度.
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