search
HomeDatabaseMysql Tutorialbitmap 索引和 B-tree 索引在使用中如何选择

现在,我们知道优化器如何对这些技术做出反应,清楚地说明 bitmap 索引和 B-tree 索引各自的最好应用

现在,我们知道优化器如何对这些技术做出反应,清楚地说明 bitmap 索引和 B-tree 索引各自的最好应用。
在 GENDER 列适当地带一个 bitmap 索引,在 SAL 列上创建另外一个位图索引,然后执行一些查询。在这些列上,用 B-tree 索引重新执行查询。
从 TEST_NORMAL 表,查询工资为如下的男员工:
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
因此:
SQL> select * from test_normal
2 where sal in (1000,1500,2000,2500,3000,3500,4000,4500,5000) and GENDER='M';
已选择444行。

执行计划
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 4115571900
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost(%CPU)| Time |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 1 | 39 | 1 (0)| 00:00:01 |
|* 1 | TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID | TEST_NORMAL | 1 | 39 | 1 (0)| 00:00:01 |
| 2 | BITMAP CONVERSION TO ROWIDS| | | | | |
|* 3 | BITMAP INDEX SINGLE VALUE | NORMAL_GENDER_BMX | | | | |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------
1 - filter("SAL"=1000 OR "SAL"=1500 OR "SAL"=2000 OR "SAL"=2500 OR "SAL"=3000
OR
"SAL"=3500 OR "SAL"=4000 OR "SAL"=4500 OR "SAL"=5000)
3 - access("GENDER"='M')

统计信息
----------------------------------------------------------
0 recursive calls
0 db block gets
6280 consistent gets
0 physical reads
0 redo size
25451 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
839 bytes received via SQL*Net from client
31 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
0 sorts (memory)
0 sorts (disk)
444 rows processed
SQL>
这是一个典型的数据仓库查询,不要再 OLTP(On-Line Transaction Processing,联机事务处理系统)系统上执行。下面是 bitmap 索引的结果:
而 B-tree 索引的查询:
SQL> select * from test_normal
2 where sal in (1000,1500,2000,2500,3000,3500,4000,4500,5000) and GENDER='M';

已选择444行。

执行计划
----------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 654360527
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Bytes | Cost (%CPU)| Time |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 1 | 39 | 2 (0)| 00:00:01 |
|* 1 | TABLE ACCESS BY INDEX ROWID| TEST_NORMAL | 1 | 39 | 2 (0)| 00:00:01 |
|* 2 | INDEX RANGE SCAN | NORMAL_GENDER_IDX | 1 | | 2 (0)| 00:00:01 |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Predicate Information (identified by operation id):
---------------------------------------------------
1 - filter("SAL"=1000 OR "SAL"=1500 OR "SAL"=2000 OR "SAL"=2500 OR "SAL"=3000
OR
"SAL"=3500 OR "SAL"=4000 OR "SAL"=4500 OR "SAL"=5000)
2 - access("GENDER"='M')

统计信息
----------------------------------------------------------
0 recursive calls
0 db block gets
6854 consistent gets
0 physical reads
0 redo size
25451 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
839 bytes received via SQL*Net from client
31 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
0 sorts (memory)
0 sorts (disk)
444 rows processed
SQL>
对 B-tree 索引,优化器选择了全表扫描,而在 bitmap 索引的情况下,使用了索引。可以通过 IO 推断出性能。
一般,bitmap 索引对 DSS 最合适,而不管基数怎么样,原因如下:

对于 bitmap 索引,优化器可能高效低相应包含 AND、OR 或 XOR 的查询。(Oracle 支持动态的 B-tree 到 bitmap 转换,但是效率不是很高。
对 bitmap 索引,当查询或计数 null 时,优化器会响应查询。null 值也被 bitmap 索引索引(这不同于 B-tree 索引)。

更重要的是,DSS 系统的 bitmap 索引支持 ad hoc 查询,而 B-tree 索引则不。更特别地,如果你有带 50 列的一个表,而用户频繁查询它们中的 10 个——或所有 10 个列的组合,或一个列——创建 B-tree 索引将会很困难。如果你在这些所有的列上创建 10 个 bitmap 索引,那么所有的查询都会被这些索引响应,而不论是在 10 个列上查询,还是 4、6 个列,或只一个列。AND_EQUAL 优化器提示为 B-tree 索引提供这个功能,但是不能超过 5 个索引。bitmap 索引就没有这个限制。

相比之下,B-tree 索引很适合 OLTP 应用程序,这样的系统用户查询比较常规(在部署前,可以调整),与 ad hoc 查询相对,它不是很频繁,在飞业务高峰时间执行。因为,OLTP 系统经常更新和删除,所以,在这种情况下,bitmap 索引可以导致一个严重的锁问题。

这里的数据是很明显。两个索引目标相同:尽可能快地返回结果。但选择使用哪个完全取决于应用的类型,而不是基数的水平。

Statement
The content of this article is voluntarily contributed by netizens, and the copyright belongs to the original author. This site does not assume corresponding legal responsibility. If you find any content suspected of plagiarism or infringement, please contact admin@php.cn
Explain the role of InnoDB redo logs and undo logs.Explain the role of InnoDB redo logs and undo logs.Apr 15, 2025 am 12:16 AM

InnoDB uses redologs and undologs to ensure data consistency and reliability. 1.redologs record data page modification to ensure crash recovery and transaction persistence. 2.undologs records the original data value and supports transaction rollback and MVCC.

What are the key metrics to look for in an EXPLAIN output (type, key, rows, Extra)?What are the key metrics to look for in an EXPLAIN output (type, key, rows, Extra)?Apr 15, 2025 am 12:15 AM

Key metrics for EXPLAIN commands include type, key, rows, and Extra. 1) The type reflects the access type of the query. The higher the value, the higher the efficiency, such as const is better than ALL. 2) The key displays the index used, and NULL indicates no index. 3) rows estimates the number of scanned rows, affecting query performance. 4) Extra provides additional information, such as Usingfilesort prompts that it needs to be optimized.

What is the Using temporary status in EXPLAIN and how to avoid it?What is the Using temporary status in EXPLAIN and how to avoid it?Apr 15, 2025 am 12:14 AM

Usingtemporary indicates that the need to create temporary tables in MySQL queries, which are commonly found in ORDERBY using DISTINCT, GROUPBY, or non-indexed columns. You can avoid the occurrence of indexes and rewrite queries and improve query performance. Specifically, when Usingtemporary appears in EXPLAIN output, it means that MySQL needs to create temporary tables to handle queries. This usually occurs when: 1) deduplication or grouping when using DISTINCT or GROUPBY; 2) sort when ORDERBY contains non-index columns; 3) use complex subquery or join operations. Optimization methods include: 1) ORDERBY and GROUPB

Describe the different SQL transaction isolation levels (Read Uncommitted, Read Committed, Repeatable Read, Serializable) and their implications in MySQL/InnoDB.Describe the different SQL transaction isolation levels (Read Uncommitted, Read Committed, Repeatable Read, Serializable) and their implications in MySQL/InnoDB.Apr 15, 2025 am 12:11 AM

MySQL/InnoDB supports four transaction isolation levels: ReadUncommitted, ReadCommitted, RepeatableRead and Serializable. 1.ReadUncommitted allows reading of uncommitted data, which may cause dirty reading. 2. ReadCommitted avoids dirty reading, but non-repeatable reading may occur. 3.RepeatableRead is the default level, avoiding dirty reading and non-repeatable reading, but phantom reading may occur. 4. Serializable avoids all concurrency problems but reduces concurrency. Choosing the appropriate isolation level requires balancing data consistency and performance requirements.

MySQL vs. Other Databases: Comparing the OptionsMySQL vs. Other Databases: Comparing the OptionsApr 15, 2025 am 12:08 AM

MySQL is suitable for web applications and content management systems and is popular for its open source, high performance and ease of use. 1) Compared with PostgreSQL, MySQL performs better in simple queries and high concurrent read operations. 2) Compared with Oracle, MySQL is more popular among small and medium-sized enterprises because of its open source and low cost. 3) Compared with Microsoft SQL Server, MySQL is more suitable for cross-platform applications. 4) Unlike MongoDB, MySQL is more suitable for structured data and transaction processing.

How does MySQL index cardinality affect query performance?How does MySQL index cardinality affect query performance?Apr 14, 2025 am 12:18 AM

MySQL index cardinality has a significant impact on query performance: 1. High cardinality index can more effectively narrow the data range and improve query efficiency; 2. Low cardinality index may lead to full table scanning and reduce query performance; 3. In joint index, high cardinality sequences should be placed in front to optimize query.

MySQL: Resources and Tutorials for New UsersMySQL: Resources and Tutorials for New UsersApr 14, 2025 am 12:16 AM

The MySQL learning path includes basic knowledge, core concepts, usage examples, and optimization techniques. 1) Understand basic concepts such as tables, rows, columns, and SQL queries. 2) Learn the definition, working principles and advantages of MySQL. 3) Master basic CRUD operations and advanced usage, such as indexes and stored procedures. 4) Familiar with common error debugging and performance optimization suggestions, such as rational use of indexes and optimization queries. Through these steps, you will have a full grasp of the use and optimization of MySQL.

Real-World MySQL: Examples and Use CasesReal-World MySQL: Examples and Use CasesApr 14, 2025 am 12:15 AM

MySQL's real-world applications include basic database design and complex query optimization. 1) Basic usage: used to store and manage user data, such as inserting, querying, updating and deleting user information. 2) Advanced usage: Handle complex business logic, such as order and inventory management of e-commerce platforms. 3) Performance optimization: Improve performance by rationally using indexes, partition tables and query caches.

See all articles

Hot AI Tools

Undresser.AI Undress

Undresser.AI Undress

AI-powered app for creating realistic nude photos

AI Clothes Remover

AI Clothes Remover

Online AI tool for removing clothes from photos.

Undress AI Tool

Undress AI Tool

Undress images for free

Clothoff.io

Clothoff.io

AI clothes remover

AI Hentai Generator

AI Hentai Generator

Generate AI Hentai for free.

Hot Article

R.E.P.O. Energy Crystals Explained and What They Do (Yellow Crystal)
4 weeks agoBy尊渡假赌尊渡假赌尊渡假赌
R.E.P.O. Best Graphic Settings
4 weeks agoBy尊渡假赌尊渡假赌尊渡假赌
R.E.P.O. How to Fix Audio if You Can't Hear Anyone
4 weeks agoBy尊渡假赌尊渡假赌尊渡假赌
WWE 2K25: How To Unlock Everything In MyRise
1 months agoBy尊渡假赌尊渡假赌尊渡假赌

Hot Tools

SublimeText3 Chinese version

SublimeText3 Chinese version

Chinese version, very easy to use

SublimeText3 Mac version

SublimeText3 Mac version

God-level code editing software (SublimeText3)

SecLists

SecLists

SecLists is the ultimate security tester's companion. It is a collection of various types of lists that are frequently used during security assessments, all in one place. SecLists helps make security testing more efficient and productive by conveniently providing all the lists a security tester might need. List types include usernames, passwords, URLs, fuzzing payloads, sensitive data patterns, web shells, and more. The tester can simply pull this repository onto a new test machine and he will have access to every type of list he needs.

Dreamweaver Mac version

Dreamweaver Mac version

Visual web development tools

PhpStorm Mac version

PhpStorm Mac version

The latest (2018.2.1) professional PHP integrated development tool