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sql group by 语句用法

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2016-06-07 17:48:071683browse

合计函数 (比如 SUM) 常常需要添加 GROUP BY 语句。
GROUP BY 语句
GROUP BY 语句用于结合合计函数,根据一个或多个列对结果集进行分组。

SQL GROUP BY 语法
SELECT column_name, aggregate_function(column_name)
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name operator value
GROUP BY column_name
SQL GROUP BY 实例
我们拥有下面这个 "Orders" 表:

O_Id OrderDate OrderPrice Customer
1 2008/12/29 1000 Bush
2 2008/11/23 1600 Carter
3 2008/10/05 700 Bush
4 2008/09/28 300 Bush
5 2008/08/06 2000 Adams
6 2008/07/21 100 Carter

现在,我们希望查找每个客户的总金额(总订单)。

我们想要使用 GROUP BY 语句对客户进行组合。

我们使用下列 SQL 语句:

SELECT Customer,SUM(OrderPrice) FROM Orders
GROUP BY Customer
结果集类似这样:

Customer SUM(OrderPrice)
Bush 2000
Carter 1700
Adams 2000

很棒吧,对不对?

让我们看一下如果省略 GROUP BY 会出现什么情况:

SELECT Customer,SUM(OrderPrice) FROM Orders结果集类似这样:

Customer SUM(OrderPrice)
Bush 5700
Carter 5700
Bush 5700
Bush 5700
Adams 5700
Carter 5700

上面的结果集不是我们需要的。

那么为什么不能使用上面这条 SELECT 语句呢?解释如下:上面的 SELECT 语句指定了两列(Customer 和 SUM(OrderPrice))。"SUM(OrderPrice)" 返回一个单独的值("OrderPrice" 列的总计),而 "Customer" 返回 6 个值(每个值对应 "Orders" 表中的每一行)。因此,我们得不到正确的结果。不过,您已经看到了,GROUP BY 语句解决了这个问题。
GROUP BY 一个以上的列
我们也可以对一个以上的列应用 GROUP BY 语句,就像这样:

SELECT Customer,OrderDate,SUM(OrderPrice) FROM Orders
GROUP BY Customer,OrderDate

综合实例

> create table employee(
2>     ID          int,
3>     name        nvarchar (10),
4>     salary      int,
5>     start_date  datetime,
6>     city        nvarchar (10),
7>     region      char (1))
8> GO
1>
2> insert into employee (ID, name,    salary, start_date, city,       region)
3>               values (1,  'Jason', 40420,  '02/01/94', 'New York', 'W')
4> GO

(1 rows affected)
1> insert into employee (ID, name,    salary, start_date, city,       region)
2>               values (2,  'Robert',14420,  '01/02/95', 'Vancouver','N')
3> GO

(1 rows affected)
1> insert into employee (ID, name,    salary, start_date, city,       region)
2>               values (3,  'Celia', 24020,  '12/03/96', 'Toronto',  'W')
3> GO

(1 rows affected)
1> insert into employee (ID, name,    salary, start_date, city,       region)
2>               values (4,  'Linda', 40620,  '11/04/97', 'New York', 'N')
3> GO

(1 rows affected)
1> insert into employee (ID, name,    salary, start_date, city,       region)
2>               values (5,  'David', 80026,  '10/05/98', 'Vancouver','W')
3> GO

(1 rows affected)
1> insert into employee (ID, name,    salary, start_date, city,       region)
2>               values (6,  'James', 70060,  '09/06/99', 'Toronto',  'N')
3> GO

(1 rows affected)
1> insert into employee (ID, name,    salary, start_date, city,       region)
2>               values (7,  'Alison',90620,  '08/07/00', 'New York', 'W')
3> GO

(1 rows affected)
1> insert into employee (ID, name,    salary, start_date, city,       region)
2>               values (8,  'Chris', 26020,  '07/08/01', 'Vancouver','N')
3> GO

(1 rows affected)
1> insert into employee (ID, name,    salary, start_date, city,       region)
2>               values (9,  'Mary',  60020,  '06/09/02', 'Toronto',  'W')
3> GO

(1 rows affected)
1>
2> * from employee
3> GO
ID          name       salary      start_date              city       region
----------- ---------- ----------- ----------------------- ---------- ------
          1 Jason            40420 1994-02-01 00:00:00.000 New York   W
          2 Robert           14420 1995-01-02 00:00:00.000 Vancouver  N
          3 Celia            24020 1996-12-03 00:00:00.000 Toronto    W
          4 Linda            40620 1997-11-04 00:00:00.000 New York   N
          5 David            80026 1998-10-05 00:00:00.000 Vancouver  W
          6 James            70060 1999-09-06 00:00:00.000 Toronto    N
          7 Alison           90620 2000-08-07 00:00:00.000 New York   W
          8 Chris            26020 2001-07-08 00:00:00.000 Vancouver  N
          9 Mary             60020 2002-06-09 00:00:00.000 Toronto    W

(9 rows affected)
1>
2> --GROUP BY clause with an aggregator 'SUM()'.
3>
4> SELECT region, SUM(Salary)
5> FROM Employee
6> WHERE ID BETWEEN 1 AND 10
7> GROUP BY Region
8> GO
region
------ -----------
N           151120
W           295106

(2 rows affected)
1>
2>
3> drop table employee
4> GO
1>

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