sql trigger 创建与用法
发器也是一种带名的pl/sql块。触发器类似于过程和函数,因为它们都是拥有声明
、执行和异常处理过程的带名pl/sql块。与包类似,触发器必须存储在中并
且不能被块进行本地化声明。
对于触发器而言,当触发事件发生的时候就会显式地执行该触发器,并且触发器不
接受参数
create table employee(
2> id int,
3> name nvarchar (10),
4> salary int,
5> start_date datetime,
6> city nvarchar (10),
7> region char (1))
8> go
1>
2> insert into employee (id, name, salary, start_date, city,region)
3> values (1, 'jason', 40420, '02/01/94', 'new york','w')
4> go(1 rows affected)
1> insert into employee (id, name, salary, start_date, city,region)
2> values (2, 'robert',14420, '01/02/95','vancouver','n')
3> go(1 rows affected)
1> insert into employee (id, name, salary, start_date, city,region)
2> values (3, 'celia', 24020, '12/03/96', 'toronto','w')
3> go(1 rows affected)
1> insert into employee (id, name, salary, start_date, city,region)
2> values (4, 'linda', 40620, '11/04/97', 'new york','n')
3> go(1 rows affected)
1> insert into employee (id, name, salary, start_date, city,region)
2> values (5, 'david', 80026, '10/05/98','vancouver','w')
3> go(1 rows affected)
1> insert into employee (id, name, salary, start_date, city,region)
2> values (6, 'james', 70060, '09/06/99', 'toronto','n')
3> go(1 rows affected)
1> insert into employee (id, name, salary, start_date, city,region)
2> values (7, 'alison',90620, '08/07/00', 'new york','w')
3> go(1 rows affected)
1> insert into employee (id, name, salary, start_date, city,region)
2> values (8, 'chris', 26020, '07/08/01','vancouver','n')
3> go(1 rows affected)
1> insert into employee (id, name, salary, start_date, city,region)
2> values (9, 'mary', 60020, '06/09/02', 'toronto','w')
3> go(1 rows affected)
1>
2> * from employee
3> go
id name salary start_date cityregion
----------- ---------- ----------- ----------------------- ---------- ------
1 jason 40420 1994-02-01 00:00:00.000 new york w
2 robert 14420 1995-01-02 00:00:00.000 vancouver n
3 celia 24020 1996-12-03 00:00:00.000 toronto w
4 linda 40620 1997-11-04 00:00:00.000 new york n
5 david 80026 1998-10-05 00:00:00.000 vancouver w
6 james 70060 1999-09-06 00:00:00.000 toronto n
7 alison 90620 2000-08-07 00:00:00.000 new york w
8 chris 26020 2001-07-08 00:00:00.000 vancouver n
9 mary 60020 2002-06-09 00:00:00.000 toronto w(9 rows affected)
1>
2> -- creating and using triggers
3>
4>
5> create trigger mytrigger
6> on employee
7> for update, insert, delete
8> as
9> select * from inserted
10> select * from deleted
11> go
1>
2>
3> select 'before insert'
4> insert employee (id, name) values (31, 'rick')
5> go-------------
before insert(1 rows affected)
id name salary start_date cityregion
----------- ---------- ----------- ----------------------- ---------- ------
31 rick null null nullnull
(1 rows affected)
id name salary start_date cityregion
----------- ---------- ----------- ----------------------- ---------- ------
(0 rows affected)
1>
2> select 'before update'
3> update employee
4> set name = 'rickie'
5> where id = 3
6> go-------------
before update(1 rows affected)
id name salary start_date cityregion
----------- ---------- ----------- ----------------------- ---------- ------
3 rickie 24020 1996-12-03 00:00:00.000 toronto w(1 rows affected)
id name salary start_date cityregion
----------- ---------- ----------- ----------------------- ---------- ------
3 celia 24020 1996-12-03 00:00:00.000 toronto w(1 rows affected)
1>
2> select 'before delete'
3> delete from employee where id = 3
4> go-------------
before delete(1 rows affected)
id name salary start_date cityregion
----------- ---------- ----------- ----------------------- ---------- ------
(0 rows affected)
id name salary start_date cityregion
----------- ---------- ----------- ----------------------- ---------- ------
3 rickie 24020 1996-12-03 00:00:00.000 toronto w(1 rows affected)
1>
2>
3> drop table employee
4> go
1>
dml触发器的激活顺序
1)执行before语句级触发器—如果存在这种触发器
2)对受该语句影响的每一行记录
执行before行级触发器—如果存在这种触发器
执行该语句本身
执行after行级触发器--如果存在这种触发器
3)执行after语句级触发器--如果存在这种触发器
同一种类型的触发器的点火次序没有经过定义。如果该次序很重要的话,那么建议
将所有这些操作组合到一个触发器当中。
3、行级触发器中的关联标识符
触发器的激活语句每处理一行数据,行级触发器就会激活一次。可以在这种行级触
发器内部,访问正被处理的记录行中的数据。这是通过两个关联标识符--:old
和:new—实现的。关联标识符也是pl/sql的一种特殊的绑定变量。标识符前面的冒
号,既说明这二者都是绑定变量,同时也说明它们不是一般的pl/sql变量。pl/sql
编译器会将它们看作下面这个类型的记录:
triggering_table%rowtype
其中triggering_table是在其上定义触发器的表名。于是,下面这种引用
:new.field
就只有当其中的field是该触发表中的字段名时才会有效。
触发语句
:old
:new
insert
未定义—所有字段均为null
触发语句完成的时候,要插入的值
update
更新以前相应记录行的原始值
触发语句完成的时候,要更新的值
delete
删除以前相应记录行的原始值
未定义—所有字段均为null
注意:insert语句上没有定义:old标识符,delete语句上也没有定义:new标识符。
如果再insert语句上使用:old标识符,或者在delete语句上使用:new标识符,
pl/sql并不会产生错误,但是这两个字段值都会为null。
伪记录
虽然在语法构成上,会将:new和:old看作triggering_table%rowtype类型的记录,
但是,实际上它们并不是记录。因此,那些能够在记录上正常执行的操作,并不能
在:new和:old上执行。例如,不能将它们作为一个整体进行赋值。只能对其中的各
个字段分别赋值。

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