Oracle系统是一个复杂的软件系统。所谓Oracle的体系架构,是指Oracle数据库管理系统的的组成部分和这些组成部分之间的相互关系,包括内存结构、后台进程、物理与逻辑结构等。
下图为Oracle数据库体系总体图:
Oracle数据库的体系很复杂,复杂的原因在于它最大限度的节约内存,从上图可以看出,它在整体上分实例和数据库文件两部分。
一、实例(Instance):指数据库服务器的内存及相关处理程序,它是Oracle的心脏。与Oracle性能关系最大的是SGA(System Global Area,即系统全局区活共享内存区),SGA包含三个部分:
1、数据缓冲区,可避免重复读取常用的数据;
2、日志缓冲区,提升了数据增删改的速度,减少磁盘的读写而加快速度;
3、共享池,使相同的SQL语句不再编译,提升了SQL的执行速度。
二、数据库文件,由操作系统内的各种文件组组成。
1、Oracle数据库逻辑结构:
1).表空间,数据库的基本逻辑结构,是一系列数据文件的集合;
2).段,不同类型数据在数据库中占用的空间,有许多区组合而成;
3).区,目的是为数据一次性预留一个较大的空间;
4).块,最小的存储单位,在创建数据库时指定。
2、Oracle数据库物理结构:
1).数据文件(Data File),存储数据的文件;
2).重做日志文件(Redo Log File),负责记录数据库内任何数据的处理情况,可用于数据的恢复;
3).控制文件(Control File),控制和记录数据库的实体结构;
4).初始化参数文件(Initialization Parameter File),配置内存空间的依据;
5).口令文件(Password File),认证用户启动和关闭Oracle例程的权限。

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