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HomeDatabaseMysql Tutorial 【MySQL数据库开发之四】MySQL 处理模式/常用查询/模式匹配等

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继续上一篇继续讲解MySQL的相关知识点;

     1. NULL 值操作:

NULL值可能令人感到奇怪直到你习惯它。概念上,NULL意味着“没有值”或“未知值”,且它被看作与众不同的值。为了测试NULL,你不能使用算术比较 操作符例如=、

 

很显然你不能通过这些比较得到有意义的结果。相反使用IS NULL和IS NOT NULL操作符:

 

注意:可以在定义为NOT NULL的列内插入0或空字符串,服务器空间,实际是NOT NULL。

  2.  模式匹配:

MySQL提供标准的SQL模式匹配,以及一种基于象Unix实用程序如vi、grep和sed的扩展正则表达式模式匹配的格式。 SQL模式匹配允许你使用“_”匹配任何单个字符,而“%”匹配任意数目字符(包括零字符)。注意使用SQL模式时,不能使用=或!=;而应使用LIKE或NOT LIKE比较操作符;

找出所有以y开头的名字;        

 

找出所有以i结尾的名字; 

 

找出所有以包含h的名字;

 

要想找出正好包含3个字符的名字,使用3个“_”模式字符:

 

 

由MySQL提供的模式匹配的其它类型是使用扩展正则表达式。当你对这类模式进行匹配测试时,使用REGEXP和NOT REGEXP操作符(或RLIKE和NOT RLIKE,它们是同义词)。

     3.  正则表达式的使用;

扩展正则表达式的一些字符是:

·         ‘.’匹配任何单个的字符。

·         字符类“[...]”   匹配在方括号内的任何字符。例如,“[abc]” 匹配 “a”、“b”或“c”。为了命名字符的范围,使用一个“-”。“[a-z]”匹配任何字母,而“[0-9]”匹配任何数字。

·“ * ”匹配零个或多个在它前面的字符。例如,“x*”匹配任何数量的“x”字符,“[0-9]*”匹配任何数量的数字,而“.*”匹配任何数量的任何字符。

  • 如果REGEXP模式与被测试值的任何地方匹配,香港虚拟主机,模式就匹配(这不同于LIKE模式匹配,只有与整个值匹配,模式才匹配)。
  • 为了定位一个模式以便它必须匹配被测试值的开始或结尾,在模式开始处使用“^”或在模式的结尾用“$”。
  • 为了说明扩展正则表达式如何工作,下面使用REGEXP重写上面所示的LIKE查询:

    为了找出以“b”开头的名字,使用“^”匹配名字的开始:

    mysql> SELECT * FROM pet WHERE name REGEXP '^b'; +--------+--------+---------+------+------------+------------+ | name   | owner  | species | sex  | birth      | death      | +--------+--------+---------+------+------------+------------+ | Buffy  | Harold | dog     | f    | 1989-05-13 | NULL       | | Bowser | Diane  | dog     | m    | 1989-08-31 | 1995-07-29 | +--------+--------+---------+------+------------+------------+

    如果你想强制使REGEXP比较区分大小写,使用BINARY关键字使其中一个字符串变为二进制字符串。该查询只匹配名称首字母的小写‘b’。

    mysql> SELECT * FROM pet WHERE name REGEXP BINARY '^b';

    为了找出以“fy”结尾的名字,使用“$”匹配名字的结尾:

    mysql> SELECT * FROM pet WHERE name REGEXP 'fy$'; +--------+--------+---------+------+------------+-------+ | name   | owner  | species | sex  | birth      | death | +--------+--------+---------+------+------------+-------+ | Fluffy | Harold | cat     | f    | 1993-02-04 | NULL  | | Buffy  | Harold | dog     | f    | 1989-05-13 | NULL  | +--------+--------+---------+------+------------+-------+

    为了找出包含一个“w”的名字,使用以下查询:

    mysql> SELECT * FROM pet WHERE name REGEXP 'w'; +----------+-------+---------+------+------------+------------+ | name     | owner | species | sex  | birth      | death      | +----------+-------+---------+------+------------+------------+ | Claws    | Gwen  | cat     | m    | 1994-03-17 | NULL       | | Bowser   | Diane | dog     | m    | 1989-08-31 | 1995-07-29 | | Whistler | Gwen  | bird    | NULL | 1997-12-09 | NULL       | +----------+-------+---------+------+------------+------------+

    既然如果一个正则表达式出现在值的任何地方,其模式匹配了,就不必在先前的查询中在模式的两侧放置一个通配符以使得它匹配整个值,美国空间,就像你使用了一个SQL模式那样。

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