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HomeDatabaseMysql TutorialOracle数据库 ORA-01555 快照过旧

用户user1对表进行了更新操作,用户user2在user1还没有进行提交前读表中数据,而且是大批量的读取(打个比方:耗时3分钟)而在这3分钟

产生原因:

用户user1对表进行了更新操作,用户user2在user1还没有进行提交前读表中数据,而且是大批量的读取(打个比方:耗时3分钟)而在这3分钟内user1进行了提交操作,当事务提交以后,该事务占用的回滚段事务会被标记为非活动,回滚段空间可以被覆盖重用。.那么一个问题就出现了,如果一个查询需要使用被覆盖的回滚段构造前镜像实现一致性读,那么此时就会出现Oracle著名的ORA-01555错误。

ora-01555快照过旧就是因为undo空间不够大,其中一部分undo数据被覆盖了,用户无法获得修改前的数据。

undo数据分为三种:
活动的undo:未提交事务的undo数据,这些undo数据永远不能覆盖,用于回滚rollback事务。
过期的undo:已提交事务的undo数据,这些undo数据可以覆盖。
未过期的undo:事务已提交,但事务提交前,有些查询正在进行,它要读取的是提交前的数据,这部分数据就是未过期数据。如果这部分undo数据被覆盖了,就会发生ora-01555错误。

 

解决的办法

(1)增加UNDO表空间大小

(2)增加undo_retention 时间,默认只有15分钟

(3)优化出错的SQL,减少查询的时间,首选方法

(4)避免频繁的提交 


在Oracle 9i的文档中这样描述ORA-01555错误:

01555, 00000, "snapshot too old: rollback segment number %s with name \"%s\" too small"
// *Cause: rollback records needed by a reader for consistent read are
// overwritten by other writers
// *Action: If in Automatic Undo Management mode, increase undo_retention
// setting. Otherwise, use larger rollback segments


可以看到,在Oracle 9i自动管理UNDO表空间模式下,UNDO_RETENTION参数的引入正是为了减少ORA-01555错误的出现。这个参数设置当事务提交之后(回滚段变得非活跃),回滚段中的前镜像数据在被覆盖前保留的时间,该参数以秒为单位,9iR1初始值为900秒,在Oracle 9iR2增加为10800秒。

显然该参数设置的越高就越能减少ORA-01555错误的出现,但是保留时间和存储空间是紧密相关的,如果UNDO表空间的存储空间有限,那么Oracle就会选择回收已提交事务占用的空间,置UNDO_RETENTION参数于不顾。

在Oracle 9i的AUM模式下,UNDO_RETENTION实际上是一个非担保(NO Guaranteed)限制。也就是说,如果有其他事务需要回滚空间,而空间出现不足时,这些信息仍然会被覆盖;从Oracle 10g开始,Oracle对于UNDO增加了Guarantee控制,也就是说,可以指定UNDO表空间必须满足UNDO_RETENTION的限制。当UNDO表空间设置为Guarantee,那么提交事务的回滚空间必须被保留足够的时间,如果UNDO表空间的空间不足,那么新的事务会因空间不足而失败,而不是选择之前的覆盖。

从各个不同版本回滚段的管理变迁,我们可以看出Oracle一直在进步。

Oracle提供了一个内部事件(10203事件)可以用来跟踪数据库的块清除操作,10203事件可以通过以下命令设置,设置后需要重新启动数据库该参数方能生效:

alter system set event="10203 trace name context forever" scope=spfile;

需要注意的是,可能存在另外一种情况,就是当执行延迟块清除时,回滚段或原回滚表空间已经被删除,,此时Oracle仍然可以通过字典表UNDO$来获得SCN信息,执行块清除。

相关阅读:

Oracle ORA-01555 快照过旧 说明 

ORA-01078 和 LRM-00109 报错解决方法

ORA-01555超长的Query Duration时间 

ORA-00471 处理方法笔记

ORA-00314,redolog 损坏,或丢失处理方法

ORA-00257 归档日志过大导致无法存储的解决办法

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