WHERE子句中的连接顺序:ORACLE采用自下而上的顺序解析WHERE子句,根据这个原理,表之间的连接必须写在其他WHERE条件之前, 那些可以
1. WHERE子句中的连接顺序:Oracle采用自下而上的顺序解析WHERE子句,根据这个原理,表之间的连接必须写在其他WHERE条件之前, 那些可以过滤掉最大数量记录的条件必须写在WHERE子句的末尾.
2. SELECT子句中避免使用 ‘ *’:ORACLE在解析的过程中, 会将'*' 依次转换成所有的列名, 这个工作是通过查询数据字典完成的, 这意味着将耗费更多的时间
3. 使用DECODE函数来减少处理时间:使用DECODE函数可以避免重复扫描相同记录或重复连接相同的表.
4. 用TRUNCATE替代DELETE:当删除表中的记录时,在通常情况下, 回滚段(ROLLBACK SEGMENTS ) 用来存放可以被恢复的信息. 如果你没有COMMIT事务,ORACLE会将数据恢复到删除之前的状态(准确地说是恢复到执行删除命令之前的状况) 而当运用TRUNCATE时, 回滚段不再存放任何可被恢复的信息.当命令运行后,数据不能被恢复.因此很少的资源被调用,执行时间也会很短. (译者按: TRUNCATE只在删除全表适用,TRUNCATE是DDL不是DML)
5. 尽量多使用COMMIT:只要有可能,在程序中尽量多使用COMMIT, 这样程序的性能得到提高,需求也会因为COMMIT所释放的资源而减少:
COMMIT所释放的资源:
回滚段上用于恢复数据的信息.
被程序语句获得的锁
REDO LOG BUFFER 中的空间
ORACLE为管理上述3种资源中的内部花费
6. 使用表的别名(ALIAS):当在SQL语句中连接多个表时, 请使用表的别名并把别名前缀于每个COLUMN上.这样一来,就可以减少解析的时间并减少那些由COLUMN歧义引起的语法错误.
7. 用EXISTS替代IN、用NOT EXISTS替代NOT IN:在许多基于基础表的查询中,为了满足一个条件,往往需要对另一个表进行联接.在这种情况下, 使用EXISTS(或NOT EXISTS)通常将提高查询的效率. 在子查询中,NOT IN子句将执行一个内部的排序和合并. 无论在哪种情况下,NOT IN都是最低效的 (因为它对子查询中的表执行了一个全表遍历). 为了避免使用NOT IN ,我们可以把它改写成外连接(OUTER JOINS)或NOT EXISTS.
例子:
高效:
SELECT * FROM EMP (基础表) WHERE EMPNO > 0 AND EXISTS (SELECT ‘X' FROM DEPT WHERE DEPT.DEPTNO = EMP.DEPTNO AND LOC = ‘MELB')
低效:
SELECT * FROM EMP (基础表) WHERE EMPNO > 0 AND DEPTNO IN(SELECT DEPTNO FROM DEPT WHERE LOC = ‘MELB')
8. 用EXISTS替换DISTINCT:当提交一个包含一对多表信息(比如部门表和雇员表)的查询时,避免在SELECT子句中使用DISTINCT. 一般可以考虑用EXIST替换, EXISTS 使查询更为迅速,因为RDBMS核心模块将在子查询的条件一旦满足后,立刻返回结果。
例子:
低效:
SELECT DISTINCT DEPT_NO,DEPT_NAME FROM DEPT D , EMP E
WHERE D.DEPT_NO = E.DEPT_NO
高效:
SELECT DEPT_NO,DEPT_NAME FROM DEPT D WHERE EXISTS ( SELECT ‘X'
FROM EMP E WHERE E.DEPT_NO = D.DEPT_NO);
9. SQL语句用大写的;因为ORACLE总是先解析SQL语句,把小写的字母转换成大写的再执行;
10. 用WHERE替代ORDER BY:
ORDER BY 子句只在两种严格的条件下使用索引.
ORDER BY中所有的列必须包含在相同的索引中并保持在索引中的排列顺序.
ORDER BY中所有的列必须定义为非空.
WHERE子句使用的索引和ORDER BY子句中所使用的索引不能并列.
例如:
表DEPT包含以下列:
DEPT_CODE PK NOT NULL
DEPT_DESC NOT NULL
DEPT_TYPE NULL
低效: (索引不被使用)
SELECT DEPT_CODE FROM DEPT ORDER BY DEPT_TYPE
高效: (使用索引)
SELECT DEPT_CODE FROM DEPT WHERE DEPT_TYPE > 0
11. 优化GROUP BY:
提高GROUP BY 语句的效率, 可以通过将不需要的记录在GROUP BY 之前过滤掉.下面两个查询返回相同结果但第二个明显就快了许多.
低效:
SELECT JOB , AVG(SAL)
FROM EMP
GROUP JOB
HAVING JOB = ‘PRESIDENT'
OR JOB = ‘MANAGER'
高效:
SELECT JOB , AVG(SAL)
FROM EMP
WHERE JOB = ‘PRESIDENT'
OR JOB = ‘MANAGER'
GROUP JOB

InnoDBBufferPool reduces disk I/O by caching data and indexing pages, improving database performance. Its working principle includes: 1. Data reading: Read data from BufferPool; 2. Data writing: After modifying the data, write to BufferPool and refresh it to disk regularly; 3. Cache management: Use the LRU algorithm to manage cache pages; 4. Reading mechanism: Load adjacent data pages in advance. By sizing the BufferPool and using multiple instances, database performance can be optimized.

Compared with other programming languages, MySQL is mainly used to store and manage data, while other languages such as Python, Java, and C are used for logical processing and application development. MySQL is known for its high performance, scalability and cross-platform support, suitable for data management needs, while other languages have advantages in their respective fields such as data analytics, enterprise applications, and system programming.

MySQL is worth learning because it is a powerful open source database management system suitable for data storage, management and analysis. 1) MySQL is a relational database that uses SQL to operate data and is suitable for structured data management. 2) The SQL language is the key to interacting with MySQL and supports CRUD operations. 3) The working principle of MySQL includes client/server architecture, storage engine and query optimizer. 4) Basic usage includes creating databases and tables, and advanced usage involves joining tables using JOIN. 5) Common errors include syntax errors and permission issues, and debugging skills include checking syntax and using EXPLAIN commands. 6) Performance optimization involves the use of indexes, optimization of SQL statements and regular maintenance of databases.

MySQL is suitable for beginners to learn database skills. 1. Install MySQL server and client tools. 2. Understand basic SQL queries, such as SELECT. 3. Master data operations: create tables, insert, update, and delete data. 4. Learn advanced skills: subquery and window functions. 5. Debugging and optimization: Check syntax, use indexes, avoid SELECT*, and use LIMIT.

MySQL efficiently manages structured data through table structure and SQL query, and implements inter-table relationships through foreign keys. 1. Define the data format and type when creating a table. 2. Use foreign keys to establish relationships between tables. 3. Improve performance through indexing and query optimization. 4. Regularly backup and monitor databases to ensure data security and performance optimization.

MySQL is an open source relational database management system that is widely used in Web development. Its key features include: 1. Supports multiple storage engines, such as InnoDB and MyISAM, suitable for different scenarios; 2. Provides master-slave replication functions to facilitate load balancing and data backup; 3. Improve query efficiency through query optimization and index use.

SQL is used to interact with MySQL database to realize data addition, deletion, modification, inspection and database design. 1) SQL performs data operations through SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE statements; 2) Use CREATE, ALTER, DROP statements for database design and management; 3) Complex queries and data analysis are implemented through SQL to improve business decision-making efficiency.

The basic operations of MySQL include creating databases, tables, and using SQL to perform CRUD operations on data. 1. Create a database: CREATEDATABASEmy_first_db; 2. Create a table: CREATETABLEbooks(idINTAUTO_INCREMENTPRIMARYKEY, titleVARCHAR(100)NOTNULL, authorVARCHAR(100)NOTNULL, published_yearINT); 3. Insert data: INSERTINTObooks(title, author, published_year)VA


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