黑格尔有句名言:存在即合理。以此为论据的话,静态类的使用必然有其合理性。不过物极必反,一旦代码过于依赖静态类,其劣化的结局则不可避免。这就好比罂粟作为一种草本植物,有其在药理上的价值,但如果肆无忌惮的大量使用,它就变成了毒品。
什么是静态类
所谓静态类指的是无需实例化成对象,直接通过静态方式调用的类。代码如下: class Math public static function floor($value) ?>
{
public static function ceil($value)
{
return ceil($value);
}
{
return floor($value);
}
}
此时类所扮演的角色更像是命名空间,这或许是很多人喜欢使用静态类最直接的原因。
静态类的问题
本质上讲,静态类是面向过程的,因为通常它只是机械的把原本面向过程的代码集合到一起,虽然结果是以类的方式存在,但此时的类更像是一件皇帝的新衣,所以可以说静态类实际上是披着面向对象的壳儿,干着面向过程的事儿。
面向对象的设计原则之一:针对接口编程,而不是针对实现编程。这有什么不同?打个比方来说:抛开价格因素,你喜欢独立显卡的电脑还是集成显卡的电脑?我想绝大多数人会选择独立显卡。独立显卡可以看做是针对接口编程,而集成显卡就就可以看做是针对实现编程。如此说来针对实现编程的弊端就跃然纸上了:它丧失了变化的可能性。
下面杜撰一个文章管理系统的例子来具体说明一下: class Article ?> class Article public static funciton setDao($dao) public static function save() $dao::save(); ?> Article::setDao('MockArticleDAO'); Article::save(); ?>
{
public function save()
{
ArticleDAO::save();
}
}
Article实现必要的领域逻辑,然后把数据持久化交给ArticleDAO去做,而ArticleDAO是一个静态类,就好像焊在主板上的集成显卡一样难以改变,假设我们为了测试代码可能需要Mock掉ArticleDAO的实现,但因为调用时使用的是静态类的名字,等同于已经绑定了具体的实现方式,Mock几乎不可能,当然,实际上有一些方法可以实现:
{
private static $dao = 'ArticleDAO';
{
self::$dao = $dao;
}
{
$dao = self::$dao;
}
}
有了变量的介入,可以在运行时设定具体使用哪个静态类:
虽然这样的实现方式看似解决了Mock的问题,但是首先它修改的原有的代码,违反了开闭原则,其次它引入了静态变量,而静态变量是共享的状态,有可能会干扰其它代码的执行,所以并不是一个完美的解决方案。
补充说明,利用动态语言的特性,其实可以简单的通过require一个不同的类定义文件来实现Mock,但这样做同样有弊端,设想我们在脚本里需要多次变换实现方式,但实际上我们只有一次require的机会,否则就会出现重复定义的错误。
对象的价值
如果放弃静态类,转而使用对象,应该如何实现文章管理系统的例子?代码如下:
class Article
{
private $dao;
public function __construct($dao = null)
{
if ($dao === null) {
$dao = new ArticleDAO();
}
$this->setDao($dao);
}
public function setDao($dao)
{
$this->dao = $dao;
}
public function save()
{
$this->dao->save();
}
}
?>
实际上,这里用到了人们常说的依赖注入技术,通过构造器或者Setter注入依赖的对象:
$article = new Article(new MockArticleDAO());
$article->save();
?>
对象有自己的状态,不会发生共享状态干扰其它代码的执行的情况。
…
当然,静态类有好的一面,比如说很适合实现一些无状态的工具类,但多数时候,我的主观倾向很明确,多用对象,少用静态类,避免系统过早的固化。顺便说一句,希望别有人告诉我静态类比对象快之类的说教,谢谢。

PHP is mainly procedural programming, but also supports object-oriented programming (OOP); Python supports a variety of paradigms, including OOP, functional and procedural programming. PHP is suitable for web development, and Python is suitable for a variety of applications such as data analysis and machine learning.

PHP originated in 1994 and was developed by RasmusLerdorf. It was originally used to track website visitors and gradually evolved into a server-side scripting language and was widely used in web development. Python was developed by Guidovan Rossum in the late 1980s and was first released in 1991. It emphasizes code readability and simplicity, and is suitable for scientific computing, data analysis and other fields.

PHP is suitable for web development and rapid prototyping, and Python is suitable for data science and machine learning. 1.PHP is used for dynamic web development, with simple syntax and suitable for rapid development. 2. Python has concise syntax, is suitable for multiple fields, and has a strong library ecosystem.

PHP remains important in the modernization process because it supports a large number of websites and applications and adapts to development needs through frameworks. 1.PHP7 improves performance and introduces new features. 2. Modern frameworks such as Laravel, Symfony and CodeIgniter simplify development and improve code quality. 3. Performance optimization and best practices further improve application efficiency.

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PHP type prompts to improve code quality and readability. 1) Scalar type tips: Since PHP7.0, basic data types are allowed to be specified in function parameters, such as int, float, etc. 2) Return type prompt: Ensure the consistency of the function return value type. 3) Union type prompt: Since PHP8.0, multiple types are allowed to be specified in function parameters or return values. 4) Nullable type prompt: Allows to include null values and handle functions that may return null values.

In PHP, use the clone keyword to create a copy of the object and customize the cloning behavior through the \_\_clone magic method. 1. Use the clone keyword to make a shallow copy, cloning the object's properties but not the object's properties. 2. The \_\_clone method can deeply copy nested objects to avoid shallow copying problems. 3. Pay attention to avoid circular references and performance problems in cloning, and optimize cloning operations to improve efficiency.

PHP is suitable for web development and content management systems, and Python is suitable for data science, machine learning and automation scripts. 1.PHP performs well in building fast and scalable websites and applications and is commonly used in CMS such as WordPress. 2. Python has performed outstandingly in the fields of data science and machine learning, with rich libraries such as NumPy and TensorFlow.


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