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HomeDatabaseMysql TutorialOracle的字符集有互相的包容关系

Oracle字符集是一个字节数据的解释的符号集合,有大小之分,有相互的包容关系。ORACLE 支持国家语言的体系结构允许你使用本地化语言

Oralce 字符集浅谈
 
Oracle字符集是我经常遇到的问题.
 
设置window的字符集:regedit->HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE->SOFTWARE->ORACLE->HOMEO->NLS_LANG
windows本身:SIMPLIFIED
AMERICAN_AMERICA.ZHS16GBK
 
在DOS下查看字符集:echo %NLS_LANG%
 
在不同数据库做数据迁移、同其它系统交换数据等,常常因为字符集不同而导致迁移失败或数据库内数据变成乱码。现在我将oracle字符集相关的一些知识做个简单总结
 
一、什么是oracle字符集
 
Oracle字符集是一个字节数据的解释的符号集合,有大小之分,有相互的包容关系。ORACLE 支持国家语言的体系结构允许你使用本地化语言来存储,处理,检索数据。它使数据库工具,错误消息,排序次序,日期,时间,货币,数字,和日历自动适应本地化语言和平台。
 
影响oracle数据库字符集最重要的参数是NLS_LANG参数。它的格式如下:
 
NLS_LANG = language_territory.charset
 
它有三个组成部分(语言、地域和字符集),每个成分控制了NLS子集的特性。其中:
 
Language 指定服务器消息的语言,territory 指定服务器的日期和数字格式,charset 指定字符集。如:AMERICAN _ AMERICA. ZHS16GBK
 
从NLS_LANG的组成我们可以看出,真正影响数据库字符集的其实是第三部分。所以两个数据库之间的字符集只要第三部分一样就可以相互导入导出数据,前面影响的只是提示信息是中文还是英文。
 
二、如何查询Oracle的字符集
 
很多人都碰到过因为字符集不同而使数据导入失败的情况。这涉及三方面的字符集,,一是oracel server端的字符集,二是oracle client端的字符集;三是dmp文件的字符集。在做数据导入的时候,需要这三个字符集都一致才能正确导入。
 
1、查询oracle server端的字符集
 
有很多种方法可以查出oracle server端的字符集,比较直观的查询方法是以下这种:
 
SQL>select userenv(‘language’) from dual;
 
结果类似如下:AMERICAN _ AMERICA. ZHS16GBK
 
2、如何查询dmp文件的字符集
 
用oracle的exp工具导出的dmp文件也包含了字符集信息,dmp文件的第2 和第3个字节记录了dmp文件的字符集。如果dmp文件不大,比如只有几M或几十M,可以用UltraEdit打开(16进制方式),看第2第3个字节的内容,如0354,然后用以下SQL查出它对应的字符集:
 
SQL> select nls_charset_name(to_number(‘0354′,’xxxx’)) from dual;
 
    ZHS16GBK
 
如果dmp文件很大,比如有2G以上(这也是最常见的情况),用文本编辑器打开很慢或者完全打不开,可以用以下命令(在unix主机上):
 
cat exp.dmp |od -x|head -1|awk ‘{print $2 $3}’|cut -c 3-6
 
然后用上述SQL也可以得到它对应的字符集。
 
3、查询oracle client端的字符集
 
这个比较简单。在windows平台下,就是注册表里面相应OracleHome的NLS_LANG。还可以在dos窗口里面自己设置,比如:
 
set nls_lang=AMERICAN_AMERICA.ZHS16GBK
 
这样就只影响这个窗口里面的环境变量。
 
在unix平台下,就是环境变量NLS_LANG。
 
$echo $NLS_LANG
 
    AMERICAN_AMERICA.ZHS16GBK
 
如果检查的结果发现server端与client端字符集不一致,请统一修改为同server端相同的字符集。

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