B树索引是所有大型关系数据库毕用的技术,也是oracle数据库默认的索引技术。基数:指的是你要创建索引的列中所包含的不同键值的数
B树索引是所有大型关系数据库毕用的技术,也是Oracle数据库默认的索引技术。
基数:指的是你要创建索引的列中所包含的不同键值的数量。例如我们的列是性别,那么它的键值就是男、女所以你的索引基数是2.
oracle中每个表的行都有一个rowid,用于标记这个行在数据库中的位置。
关于索引:
B-TREE索引,结构如下:
root
/ | \
branch1 ........
/|\ ......................
leaf1......
leaf节点的结构是这样的:
|索引头|列长度|列内容|rowid(s)|
一个叶子节点的大小大概是8192*8bit,因此一个字段的长度即使是50,那么一个节点大概能分成100个子节点,那么100万的记录,也只需要3级节点即可索引完毕,因此一般b-tree的深度不超过4级,这样根据b-tree来查找一条记录,最多只需遍历4个节点找到rowid,再根据rowid查找磁盘即可得到最终记录数据。
对某列查询的结果集记录数如果通常都小于7%,则应该在该列添加索引。对b-tree来说,where xx is null条件是不会利用索引的,因此建议这种列应该设置默认值,以避免该列的值存在null的情况,同样group by 中如果该列有null索引也可能无效。
bitmap索引:
bitmap索引的结构也是树形结构,但是叶子节点的结构与b-tree不一样。bitmap叶子节点的结果大概如下:
......
其中bitmap的内容是110010100011100001这样的01组合形式,,它的长度与start-rowid和end-rowid之间包含的rowid数量一致。这样假设范围内第9个rowid对应列的内容是key1,那么kei1对应的bitmap中第9个字符的值就是1,否则就是0。同样每个块的大小是8192*8,那么一个bitmap索引的叶子节点大概能索引10000条记录。
bitmap索引对null的字段依然有效,具体null的值在bitmap中是取0还是专门有个keyX的值是null来区分需要再查证。bitmap索引对or条件的查询效果非常好,它不适应与索引列的值经常变化的情况,如果索引列的值经常变化,那么对bitmap索引将是灾难性的,因为它要锁定所有相关的叶子节点所在的块来更新bitmap的值,它适用于决策支持系统。
更多Oracle相关信息见Oracle 专题页面 ?tid=12

MySQL functions can be used for data processing and calculation. 1. Basic usage includes string processing, date calculation and mathematical operations. 2. Advanced usage involves combining multiple functions to implement complex operations. 3. Performance optimization requires avoiding the use of functions in the WHERE clause and using GROUPBY and temporary tables.

Efficient methods for batch inserting data in MySQL include: 1. Using INSERTINTO...VALUES syntax, 2. Using LOADDATAINFILE command, 3. Using transaction processing, 4. Adjust batch size, 5. Disable indexing, 6. Using INSERTIGNORE or INSERT...ONDUPLICATEKEYUPDATE, these methods can significantly improve database operation efficiency.

In MySQL, add fields using ALTERTABLEtable_nameADDCOLUMNnew_columnVARCHAR(255)AFTERexisting_column, delete fields using ALTERTABLEtable_nameDROPCOLUMNcolumn_to_drop. When adding fields, you need to specify a location to optimize query performance and data structure; before deleting fields, you need to confirm that the operation is irreversible; modifying table structure using online DDL, backup data, test environment, and low-load time periods is performance optimization and best practice.

Use the EXPLAIN command to analyze the execution plan of MySQL queries. 1. The EXPLAIN command displays the execution plan of the query to help find performance bottlenecks. 2. The execution plan includes fields such as id, select_type, table, type, possible_keys, key, key_len, ref, rows and Extra. 3. According to the execution plan, you can optimize queries by adding indexes, avoiding full table scans, optimizing JOIN operations, and using overlay indexes.

Subqueries can improve the efficiency of MySQL query. 1) Subquery simplifies complex query logic, such as filtering data and calculating aggregated values. 2) MySQL optimizer may convert subqueries to JOIN operations to improve performance. 3) Using EXISTS instead of IN can avoid multiple rows returning errors. 4) Optimization strategies include avoiding related subqueries, using EXISTS, index optimization, and avoiding subquery nesting.

Methods for configuring character sets and collations in MySQL include: 1. Setting the character sets and collations at the server level: SETNAMES'utf8'; SETCHARACTERSETutf8; SETCOLLATION_CONNECTION='utf8_general_ci'; 2. Create a database that uses specific character sets and collations: CREATEDATABASEexample_dbCHARACTERSETutf8COLLATEutf8_general_ci; 3. Specify character sets and collations when creating a table: CREATETABLEexample_table(idINT

To safely and thoroughly uninstall MySQL and clean all residual files, follow the following steps: 1. Stop MySQL service; 2. Uninstall MySQL packages; 3. Clean configuration files and data directories; 4. Verify that the uninstallation is thorough.

Renaming a database in MySQL requires indirect methods. The steps are as follows: 1. Create a new database; 2. Use mysqldump to export the old database; 3. Import the data into the new database; 4. Delete the old database.


Hot AI Tools

Undresser.AI Undress
AI-powered app for creating realistic nude photos

AI Clothes Remover
Online AI tool for removing clothes from photos.

Undress AI Tool
Undress images for free

Clothoff.io
AI clothes remover

Video Face Swap
Swap faces in any video effortlessly with our completely free AI face swap tool!

Hot Article

Hot Tools

SAP NetWeaver Server Adapter for Eclipse
Integrate Eclipse with SAP NetWeaver application server.

Zend Studio 13.0.1
Powerful PHP integrated development environment

Atom editor mac version download
The most popular open source editor

ZendStudio 13.5.1 Mac
Powerful PHP integrated development environment

mPDF
mPDF is a PHP library that can generate PDF files from UTF-8 encoded HTML. The original author, Ian Back, wrote mPDF to output PDF files "on the fly" from his website and handle different languages. It is slower than original scripts like HTML2FPDF and produces larger files when using Unicode fonts, but supports CSS styles etc. and has a lot of enhancements. Supports almost all languages, including RTL (Arabic and Hebrew) and CJK (Chinese, Japanese and Korean). Supports nested block-level elements (such as P, DIV),
