自 PHP 5.4.0 起,PHP 实现了代码复用的一个方法,称为 traits。
Traits 是一种为类似 PHP 的单继承语言而准备的代码复用机制。Trait 为了减少单继承语言的限制,使开发人员能够自由地在不同层次结构内独立的类中复用方法集。Traits 和类组合的语义是定义了一种方式来减少复杂性,避免传统多继承和混入类(Mixin)相关的典型问题。
Trait 和一个类相似,但仅仅旨在用细粒度和一致的方式来组合功能。Trait 不能通过它自身来实例化。它为传统继承增加了水平特性的组合;也就是说,应用类的成员不需要继承。
Trait是在PHP5.4中加入的,它既不是接口也不是类。主要是为了解决单继承语言的限制。是PHP多重继承的一种解决方案。例如,需要同时继承两个 Abstract Class, 这将会是件很麻烦的事情,Trait 就是为了解决这个问题。它能被加入到一个或多个已经存在的类中。它声明了类能做什么(表明了其接口特性),同时也包含了具体实现(表明了其类特性)
简单使用
首先,当然是声明个 Trait,PHP5.4 增加了 trait 关键字
trait first_trait { function first_method() { /* Code Here */ } function second_method() { /* Code Here */ } }
同时,如果要在 Class 中使用该 Trait,那么使用 use 关键字
class first_class { // 注意这行,声明使用 first_trait use first_trait; } $obj = new first_class(); // Executing the method from trait $obj->first_method(); // valid $obj->second_method(); // valid
使用多个 Trait
在同个 Class 中可以使用多个 Trait
trait first_trait { function first_method() { echo "method"; } } trait second_trait { function second_method() { echo "method"; } } class first_class { // now using more than one trait use first_trait, second_trait; } $obj= new first_class(); // Valid $obj->first_method(); // Print : method // Valid $obj->second_method(); // Print : method
Trait 之间的嵌套
同时,Trait 之间也可以相互的嵌套,例如
trait first_trait { function first_method() { echo "method"; } } trait second_trait { use first_trait; function second_method() { echo "method"; } } class first_class { // now using use second_trait; } $obj= new first_class(); // Valid $obj->first_method(); // Print : method // Valid $obj->second_method(); // Print : method
Trait 的抽象方法(Abstract Method)
我们可以在 Trait 中声明需要实现的抽象方法,这样能使使用它的 Class 必须实现它
trait first_trait { function first_method() { echo "method"; } // 这里可以加入修饰符,说明调用类必须实现它 abstract public function second_method(); } class first_method { use first_trait; function second_method() { /* Code Here */ } }
Trait 冲突
多个 Trait 之间同时使用难免会冲突,这需要我们去解决。PHP5.4 从语法方面带入了相关 的关键字语法:insteadof 以及 as ,用法参见
trait first_trait { function first_function() { echo "From First Trait"; } } trait second_trait { // 这里的名称和 first_trait 一样,会有冲突 function first_function() { echo "From Second Trait"; } } class first_class { use first_trait, second_trait { // 在这里声明使用 first_trait 的 first_function 替换 // second_trait 中声明的 first_trait::first_function insteadof second_trait; } } $obj = new first_class(); // Output: From First Trait $obj->first_function();
上面就是些 Trait 比较基本的使用了,更详细的可以参考官方手册。这里总结下注意的几 点:
Trait 会覆盖调用类继承的父类方法
Trait 无法如 Class 一样使用 new 实例化
单个 Trait 可由多个 Trait 组成
在单个 Class 中,可以使用多个 Trait
Trait 支持修饰词(modifiers),例如 final、static、abstract
我们能使用 insteadof 以及 as 操作符解决 Trait 之间的冲突

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