集合操作符专门用于合并多条select 语句的结果,包括:UNION, UNION ALL, INTERSECT , MINUS。当使用集合操作符时,必须确保不同
集合操作符专门用于合并多条select 语句的结果,包括:UNION, UNION ALL, INTERSECT , MINUS。当使用集合操作符时,必须确保不同查询的列个数和数据类型匹配。
集合操作符具有以下注意事项:
* 集合操作符不适用于LOB、VARRAY和嵌套表列。
* UNION、INTERSECT、MINUS操作符不使用于 LONG列。
* 如果选择列表中包含有表达式或者函数,那么必须为表达式或者函数定义列别名。
1、UNION (无重并集):当执行UNION 时,自动去掉结果集中的重复行,并以第一列的结果进行升序排序。
2、UNION ALL (有重并集):不去掉重复行,并且不对结果集进行排序。
3、INTERSECT (交集):取两个结果集的交集,并且以第一列的结果进行升序排列。
select id,name,job from worker
INTERSECT
select empno,ename,job from emp;
4、MINUS (差集):只显示在第一个集合中存在,在第二个集合中不存在的数据。并且以第一列的结果进行升序排序。
5、另外,可以使用order by
order by 必须放在最后一条select 语句之后,当列名相同时,,可以直接用列名排序,如果不同可以用位置排序,也可以使用别名使其相同。
select id, name x from new_emp
union all
select empno, ename x from emp order by x;//列名不同时使用别名排序
select id, name ename from new_emp
union all
select empno, ename from emp order by ename;//列名不同时使用别名使其相同后排序
select id, name ename from new_emp
union all
select empno, ename from emp ;//合并后列名显示以前一个表为主。

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