用于操作数据库的SQL一般分为两种,一种是查询语句,也就是我们所说的SELECT语句,另外一种就是更新语句,也叫做数据操作语句
用于操作数据库的SQL一般分为两种,一种是查询语句,也就是我们所说的SELECT语句,另外一种就是更新语句,也叫做数据操作语句。言外之意,就是对数据进行修改。在标准的SQL中有3个语句,它们是INSERT、UPDATE以及DELETE。在MySQL中又多了一个REPLACE语句,因此,本文以MySQL为背景来讨论如何使有SQL中的更新语句。
一、INSERT和REPLACE
INSERT和REPLACE语句的功能都是向表中插入新的数据。这两条语句的语法类似。它们的主要区别是如何处理重复的数据。
1. INSERT的一般用法
MySQL中的INSERT语句和标准的INSERT不太一样,在标准的SQL语句中,一次插入一条记录的INSERT语句只有一种形式。
INSERT INTO tablename(列名…) VALUES(列值);
而在MySQL中还有另外一种形式。
INSERT INTO tablename SET column_name1 = value1, column_name2 = value2,…;
第一种方法将列名和列值分开了,在使用时,列名必须和列值的数一致。如下面的语句向users表中插入了一条记录:
INSERT INTO users(id, name, age) VALUES(123, '姚明', 25);
第二种方法允许列名和列值成对出现和使用,如下面的语句将产生中样的效果。
INSERT INTO users SET id = 123, name = '姚明', age = 25;
如果使用了SET方式,必须至少为一列赋值。如果某一个字段使用了省缺值(如默认或自增值),这两种方法都可以省略这些字段。如id字段上使用了自增值,上面两条语句可以写成如下形式:
INSERT INTO users (name, age) VALUES('姚明',25);
INSERT INTO uses SET name = '姚明', age = 25;
MySQL在VALUES上也做了些变化。如果VALUES中什么都不写,那MySQL将使用表中每一列的默认值来插入新记录。
INSERT INTO users () VALUES();
如果表名后什么都不写,就表示向表中所有的字段赋值。使用这种方式,不仅在VALUES中的值要和列数一致,而且顺序不能颠倒。 INSERT INTO users VALUES(123, '姚明', 25);
如果将INSERT语句写成如下形式MySQL将会报错。
INSERT INTO users VALUES('姚明',25);
2. 使用INSERT插入多条记录
看到这个标题也许大家会问,这有什么好说的,调用多次INSERT语句不就可以插入多条记录了吗!但使用这种方法要增加服务器的负荷,因为,执行每一次SQL服务器都要同样对SQL进行分析、优化等操作。幸好MySQL提供了另一种解决方案,就是使用一条INSERT语句来插入多条记录。这并不是标准的SQL语法,因此只能在MySQL中使用。
INSERT INTO users(name, age) VALUES('姚明', 25), ('比尔.盖茨', 50), ('火星人', 600);
上面的INSERT 语句向users表中连续插入了3条记录。值得注意的是,上面的INSERT语句中的VALUES后必须每一条记录的值放到一对(…)中,中间使用","分割。假设有一个表table1
CREATE TABLE table1(n INT);
如果要向table1中插入5条记录,下面写法是错误的:
INSERT INTO table1 (i) VALUES(1,2,3,4,5);
MySQL将会抛出下面的错误
ERROR 1136: Column count doesn't match value count at row 1
而正确的写法应该是这样:
INSERT INTO table1(i) VALUES(1),(2),(3),(4),(5);
当然,这种写法也可以省略列名,这样每一对括号里的值的数目必须一致,而且这个数目必须和列数一致。如:
INSERT INTO table1 VALUES(1),(2),(3),(4),(5);
3. REPLACE语句
我们在使用数据库时可能会经常遇到这种情况。如果一个表在一个字段上建立了唯一索引,当我们再向这个表中使用已经存在的键值插入一条记录,那将会抛出一个主键冲突的错误。当然,我们可能想用新记录的值来覆盖原来的记录值。如果使用传统的做法,必须先使用 DELETE语句删除原先的记录,然后再使用INSERT插入新的记录。而在MySQL中为我们提供了一种新的解决方案,这就是REPLACE语句。使用 REPLACE插入一条记录时,如果不重复,REPLACE就和INSERT的功能一样,如果有重复记录,REPLACE就使用新记录的值来替换原来的记录值。
使用REPLACE的最大好处就是可以将DELETE和INSERT合二为一,形成一个原子操作。这样就可以不必考虑在同时使用DELETE和INSERT时添加事务等复杂操作了。
在使用REPLACE时,表中必须有唯一索引,而且这个索引所在的字段不能允许空值,否则REPLACE就和INSERT完全一样的。
在执行REPLACE后,系统返回了所影响的行数,如果返回1,说明在表中并没有重复的记录,如果返回2,说明有一条重复记录,系统自动先调用了 DELETE删除这条记录,然后再记录用INSERT来插入这条记录。如果返回的值大于2,那说明有多个唯一索引,有多条记录被删除和插入。
REPLACE的语法和INSERT非常的相似,如下面的REPLACE语句是插入或更新一条记录。
REPLACE INTO users (id,name,age) VALUES(123, '赵本山', 50);
插入多条记录:
REPLACE INTO users(id, name, age) VALUES(123, '赵本山', 50), (134,'Mary',15);
REPLACE也可以使用SET语句
REPLACE INTO users SET id = 123, name = '赵本山', age = 50;
上面曾提到REPLACE可能影响3条以上的记录,这是因为在表中有超过一个的唯一索引。在这种情况下,REPLACE将考虑每一个唯一索引,并对每一个索引对应的重复记录都删除,,然后插入这条新记录。假设有一个table1表,有3个字段a, b, c。它们都有一个唯一索引。
CREATE TABLE table1(a INT NOT NULL UNIQUE,b INT NOT NULL UNIQUE,c INT NOT NULL UNIQUE);
假设table1中已经有了3条记录
a b c
1 1 1
2 2 2
3 3 3
下面我们使用REPLACE语句向table1中插入一条记录。
REPLACE INTO table1(a, b, c) VALUES(1,2,3);
返回的结果如下
Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.00 sec)
在table1中的记录如下
a b c
1 2 3
我们可以看到,REPLACE将原先的3条记录都删除了,然后将(1, 2, 3)插入。

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