在Oracle数据库中,数据库管理员不仅在索引的选择上要花费一定的精力。而且,在索引的存储上,也有所讲究。因为索引与表一样,不
在Oracle数据库中,数据库管理员不仅在索引的选择上要花费一定的精力。而且,在索引的存储上,也有所讲究。因为索引与表一样,不仅需要在数据字典中保存索引的定义,还需要在表空间中为他分配实际的存储空间,并为其设置存储参数。数据库管理员若能够给索引分配合理的表空间,并且设置合适的参数的话,则可以在一定程度上提高数据库的运行效率。
虽然说,在建立索引的过程中,不为其指定具体的存储参数也是可行的。索引会自动继承所处表空间的默认存储参数。不过,在数据库设计过程中,笔者是不建议这么做。因为这不能够发挥Oracle数据库高性能的优势。特别是在一些比较复杂的数据库设计中,一定要根据实际情况,合理的索引存储进行配置,以达到数据库性能优化的目的。
具体的说,数据库管理员可以从如下几个方面入手,做好索引的存储管理。
第一步:为索引指定存储的表空间。
当数据库管理员为表或者字段建立索引的时候,可以选择是否指定具体的表空间。若没有具体指定的话,则数据库会自动在用户的默认表空间创建索引段。这里初学者要注意,索引的存储默认表空间不是跟着其所对应的数据库对象走,而是跟着用户走。也就是说,现在有一张员工信息表,要为其建立一个索引。并不是说这张员工信息表属于哪个表空间,这对应的索引默认也是哪个表空间。而这个索引的默认表空间是建立这个索引的用户的默认表空间。
索引是对表中字段进行排序的一种手段。在数据库管理员创建索引的时候,Oracle首先对建立索引的字段进行排序,然后将排序后的字段值和相应记录的Rowid存储在索引段中。而这个数据存储,就需要用到一定的存储空间,即我们所为的表空间。若一张表中发索引比较复杂,则其索引本身的空间可能比表中数据所占用的空间还要大。可见,对于索引的表空间进行管理的必要性。
在索引的建立过程中,对于其所存储的表空间没有特殊的限制。如不需要像其他数据库一样,要求把索引与表建立在同一个表空间或者磁盘上。数据库管理员可以根据企业自身的需求,合理的为索引分配存储空间。
不过,笔者认为,最好能够把表与索引保存在不同的表空间中。因为Oracle数据库能够并行读取不同磁盘中的数据,从而达减少输入输入冲突的目的。而现在把索引与其对应的表存放在不同硬盘上的不同表空间中,就可以提高查询的效率。往往在数据库性能优化中,调整索引与基础表的表空间位置,这也是我们数据库管理员常用的手段之一。故,笔者建议,最好能够为索引建立一个独立的表空间,跟其对应的表分开存放。若数据库服务器有多个磁盘的话,可以考虑分别存放在不同的磁盘上。
另外,若把索引跟对应的表存储在不同的表空间中的话,在数据库备份的时候,要稍加注意。因为Oracle数据库允许数据库管理员以表空间为单位,对数据库进行备份与还原。此时,若把它们存储在不同的表空间的话,则对数据表所在的表空间进行备份的时候,就不会备份索引信息。在还原的时候,也不会自动把表空间对应的索引进行还原。所以,若把索引与表存放在同一个表空间中,则对于数据库备份来说,要方便一点。但是,,这毕竟是次要的。比起数据库的性能来说,这点困难还是可以克服的。

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