1 概述 Oracle SGA区的监控和管理,是数据库日常维护的重要内容。本文详细介绍SGA的基本概念,SGA运行情况检查,以及SGA的参
1 概述
Oracle SGA区的监控和管理,是数据库日常维护的重要内容。本文详细介绍SGA的基本概念,SGA运行情况检查,以及SGA的参数设置原则,希望对大家的有所帮助。
2 SGA的基本概念
当启动Oracle数据库时,系统会先在内存内规划一个固定区域,用来储存用户需要的数据,以及Oracle运行时必备的系统信息。我们称此区域为系统全局区(System Global Area),简称SGA。
SGA 包含数个重要区域,分别是:
■ Database Buffer Cache (数据库缓冲区)
■ Redo Log Buffer (重做日志缓冲区)
■ Shared Pool (共享区)
■ 其它,如Java pool, Large pool
2.1 Database Buffer Cache (数据库缓冲区)
数据库缓冲区的作用主要是在内存中缓存从数据库中读取的数据块。数据库缓冲区越大,为用户已经在内存里的共享数据提供的内存就越大,这样可以减少所需要的磁盘物理读。
在9i以前数据库缓冲区的大小是由db_block_buffers*db_block_size 来决定大小的。db_block_size参数是在创建数据库时设置的,OLTP系统的db_block_size一般设置为8k。
在9i中,数据库缓冲区的大小由db_cache_size决定,8i中的db_block_buffers被取消。db_cache_size的单位是字节,它直接决定了数据库缓冲区的大小,而不再是块的数量。
2.2 Shared Pool (共享区)
共享区由三部分组成,分别是Dictionary cache(包括数据字典的定义,如表结构、权限等),Library cache(包括共享的sql游标,sql原代码以及执行计划、存储过程和会话信息)和Control structure。它的大小由初始化参数shared_pool_size控制,它的作用是缓存已经被解析过的SQL,使其能被重用,不用再解析。SQL的解析非常消耗CPU的资源,如果一条SQL在Shared pool中已经存在,则进行的仅是软解析(在Shared pool中寻找相同SQL),这将大大提高数据库的运行效率。当然,这部分内存也并非越大越好,太大的Shared pool,oracle为了维护共享结构,将付出更大的管理开销。建议在150M-500M之间。如果系统内存为1G,该值可设为150M-200M;如果为2G,该值设为250M-300M;每增加1G内存,该值增加100M;但该值最大不应超过500M。
2.3 Redo Log Buffer (重做日志缓冲区)
Log_buffer是重做日志缓冲区,对数据库的任何修改都按顺序被记录在该缓冲,然后由LGWR 进程将它写入磁盘。LGWR的写入条件是:用户提交、有1/3 重做日志缓冲区未被写入磁盘、有大于1M 重做日志缓冲区未被写入磁盘、超时、DBWR需要写入的数据的SCN 号大于LGWR 记录的SCN 号,DBWR 触发LGWR写入。
从中可以看出,,大于1M的log buffer值意义并不大。重做日志缓冲区的大小由初始化参数log_buffer设定。

InnoDBBufferPool reduces disk I/O by caching data and indexing pages, improving database performance. Its working principle includes: 1. Data reading: Read data from BufferPool; 2. Data writing: After modifying the data, write to BufferPool and refresh it to disk regularly; 3. Cache management: Use the LRU algorithm to manage cache pages; 4. Reading mechanism: Load adjacent data pages in advance. By sizing the BufferPool and using multiple instances, database performance can be optimized.

Compared with other programming languages, MySQL is mainly used to store and manage data, while other languages such as Python, Java, and C are used for logical processing and application development. MySQL is known for its high performance, scalability and cross-platform support, suitable for data management needs, while other languages have advantages in their respective fields such as data analytics, enterprise applications, and system programming.

MySQL is worth learning because it is a powerful open source database management system suitable for data storage, management and analysis. 1) MySQL is a relational database that uses SQL to operate data and is suitable for structured data management. 2) The SQL language is the key to interacting with MySQL and supports CRUD operations. 3) The working principle of MySQL includes client/server architecture, storage engine and query optimizer. 4) Basic usage includes creating databases and tables, and advanced usage involves joining tables using JOIN. 5) Common errors include syntax errors and permission issues, and debugging skills include checking syntax and using EXPLAIN commands. 6) Performance optimization involves the use of indexes, optimization of SQL statements and regular maintenance of databases.

MySQL is suitable for beginners to learn database skills. 1. Install MySQL server and client tools. 2. Understand basic SQL queries, such as SELECT. 3. Master data operations: create tables, insert, update, and delete data. 4. Learn advanced skills: subquery and window functions. 5. Debugging and optimization: Check syntax, use indexes, avoid SELECT*, and use LIMIT.

MySQL efficiently manages structured data through table structure and SQL query, and implements inter-table relationships through foreign keys. 1. Define the data format and type when creating a table. 2. Use foreign keys to establish relationships between tables. 3. Improve performance through indexing and query optimization. 4. Regularly backup and monitor databases to ensure data security and performance optimization.

MySQL is an open source relational database management system that is widely used in Web development. Its key features include: 1. Supports multiple storage engines, such as InnoDB and MyISAM, suitable for different scenarios; 2. Provides master-slave replication functions to facilitate load balancing and data backup; 3. Improve query efficiency through query optimization and index use.

SQL is used to interact with MySQL database to realize data addition, deletion, modification, inspection and database design. 1) SQL performs data operations through SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE statements; 2) Use CREATE, ALTER, DROP statements for database design and management; 3) Complex queries and data analysis are implemented through SQL to improve business decision-making efficiency.

The basic operations of MySQL include creating databases, tables, and using SQL to perform CRUD operations on data. 1. Create a database: CREATEDATABASEmy_first_db; 2. Create a table: CREATETABLEbooks(idINTAUTO_INCREMENTPRIMARYKEY, titleVARCHAR(100)NOTNULL, authorVARCHAR(100)NOTNULL, published_yearINT); 3. Insert data: INSERTINTObooks(title, author, published_year)VA


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