大多数下列测试在Linux上并用MySQL基准进行的,但是它们应该对其他操作系统和工作负载给出一些指示。 当你用-static链接时
摘要:本节简单介绍了如何在服务器级优化数据库的性能,以及提高数据库性能涉及到的硬件问题。选择一个尽量快的系统,使用RAID磁盘阵列是非常容易想到的方法。对于数据库守护程序,既可以在编译时就提供合适的参数,也可以在选项文件中提供需要优化的参数。
标签:MySQL优化 MySQL参数 服务器级优化 MySQL数据库
前面各段介绍了普通的 MySQL 用户利用表创建和索引操作,以及利用查询的编写能够进行的优化。不过,还有一些只能由 MySQL 管理员和系统管理员来完成的优化,这些管理员在 MySQL 服务器或运行 MySQL 的机器上具有控制权。有的服务器参数直接适用于查询处理,可将它们打开。而有的硬件配置问题直接影响查询处理速度,应该对它们进行调整。
磁盘问题
正如前面所述,磁盘寻道是一个性能的大瓶颈。当数据开始增长以致缓存变得不可能时,这个问题变得越来越明显。对大数据库,在那你或多或少地要随机存取数据,你可以依靠你将至少需要一次磁盘寻道来读取并且几次磁盘寻道写入。为了使这个问题最小化,使用有低寻道时间的磁盘。
为了增加可用磁盘轴的数量(并且从而减少寻道开销),符号联接文件到不同磁盘或分割磁盘是可能的。
1、使用符号连接
这意味着你将索引/数据文件符号从正常的数据目录链接到其他磁盘(那也可以被分割的)。这使得寻道和读取时间更好(如果磁盘不用于其他事情)
2、分割
分割意味着你有许多磁盘并把第一块放在第一个磁盘上,在第二块放在第二个磁盘上,并且第 n块在第(n mod number_of_disks)磁盘上,等等。这意味着,如果你的正常数据大小于分割大小(或完美地排列过),你将得到较好一些的性能。注意,分割是否很依赖于OS和分割大小。因此用不同的分割大小测试你的应用程序。见10.8 使用你自己的基准。注意对分割的速度差异很依赖于参数,取决于你如何分割参数和磁盘数量,你可以得出以数量级的不同。注意你必须选择为随机或顺序存取优化。
为了可靠,你可能想要使用袭击RAID 0+1(分割+镜像),但是在这种情况下,你将需要2*N个驱动器来保存N个驱动器的数据。如果你有钱,这可能是最好的选择!然而你也可能必须投资一些卷管理软件投资以高效地处理它。
一个好选择是让稍重要的数据(它能再生)上存在RAID 0磁盘上,而将确实重要的数据(像主机信息和日志文件)存在一个RAID 0+1或RAID N磁盘上。如果因为更新奇偶位你有许多写入,RAID N可能是一个问题。
你也可以对数据库使用的文件系统设置参数。一个容易的改变是以noatime选项挂装文件系统。这是它跳过更新在inode中的最后访问时间,而且这将避免一些磁盘寻道。
硬件问题
可利用硬件更有效地改善服务器的性能:
1、在机器中安装更多的内存。这样能够增加服务器的高速缓存和缓冲区的尺寸,使服务器更经常地使用存放在内存中的信息,降低从磁盘取信息的要求。
2、如果有足够的 RAM 使所有交换在内存文件系统中完成,那么应该重新配置系统,去掉所有磁盘交换设置。否则,即使有足以满足交换的 RAM,某些系统仍然要与磁盘进行交换。
3、增加更快的磁盘以减少 I/O 等待时间。寻道时间是这里决定性能的主要因素。逐字地移动磁头是很慢的,一旦磁头定位,从磁道读块则较快。
在不同的物理设备上设法重新分配磁盘活动。如果可能,应将您的两个最繁忙的数据库存放在不同的物理设备上。请注意,使用同一物理设备上的不同分区是不够的。这样没有帮助,因为它们仍将争用相同的物理资源(磁盘头)。移动数据库的过程在第 10 章中介绍。
4、在将数据重新放到不同设备之前,应该保证了解该系统的装载特性。如果在特定的物理设备上已经有了某些特定的主要活动,,将数据库放到该处实际上可能会使性能更坏。例如,不要把数据库移到处理大量Web 通信的Web 服务器设备上。
5、在设置 MySQL 时,应该配置其使用静态库而不是共享库。使用共享库的动态二进制系统可节省磁盘空间,但静态二进制系统更快(然而,如果希望装入用户自定义的函数,则不能使用静态二进制系统,因为 UDF 机制依赖于动态连接)。

InnoDBBufferPool reduces disk I/O by caching data and indexing pages, improving database performance. Its working principle includes: 1. Data reading: Read data from BufferPool; 2. Data writing: After modifying the data, write to BufferPool and refresh it to disk regularly; 3. Cache management: Use the LRU algorithm to manage cache pages; 4. Reading mechanism: Load adjacent data pages in advance. By sizing the BufferPool and using multiple instances, database performance can be optimized.

Compared with other programming languages, MySQL is mainly used to store and manage data, while other languages such as Python, Java, and C are used for logical processing and application development. MySQL is known for its high performance, scalability and cross-platform support, suitable for data management needs, while other languages have advantages in their respective fields such as data analytics, enterprise applications, and system programming.

MySQL is worth learning because it is a powerful open source database management system suitable for data storage, management and analysis. 1) MySQL is a relational database that uses SQL to operate data and is suitable for structured data management. 2) The SQL language is the key to interacting with MySQL and supports CRUD operations. 3) The working principle of MySQL includes client/server architecture, storage engine and query optimizer. 4) Basic usage includes creating databases and tables, and advanced usage involves joining tables using JOIN. 5) Common errors include syntax errors and permission issues, and debugging skills include checking syntax and using EXPLAIN commands. 6) Performance optimization involves the use of indexes, optimization of SQL statements and regular maintenance of databases.

MySQL is suitable for beginners to learn database skills. 1. Install MySQL server and client tools. 2. Understand basic SQL queries, such as SELECT. 3. Master data operations: create tables, insert, update, and delete data. 4. Learn advanced skills: subquery and window functions. 5. Debugging and optimization: Check syntax, use indexes, avoid SELECT*, and use LIMIT.

MySQL efficiently manages structured data through table structure and SQL query, and implements inter-table relationships through foreign keys. 1. Define the data format and type when creating a table. 2. Use foreign keys to establish relationships between tables. 3. Improve performance through indexing and query optimization. 4. Regularly backup and monitor databases to ensure data security and performance optimization.

MySQL is an open source relational database management system that is widely used in Web development. Its key features include: 1. Supports multiple storage engines, such as InnoDB and MyISAM, suitable for different scenarios; 2. Provides master-slave replication functions to facilitate load balancing and data backup; 3. Improve query efficiency through query optimization and index use.

SQL is used to interact with MySQL database to realize data addition, deletion, modification, inspection and database design. 1) SQL performs data operations through SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE statements; 2) Use CREATE, ALTER, DROP statements for database design and management; 3) Complex queries and data analysis are implemented through SQL to improve business decision-making efficiency.

The basic operations of MySQL include creating databases, tables, and using SQL to perform CRUD operations on data. 1. Create a database: CREATEDATABASEmy_first_db; 2. Create a table: CREATETABLEbooks(idINTAUTO_INCREMENTPRIMARYKEY, titleVARCHAR(100)NOTNULL, authorVARCHAR(100)NOTNULL, published_yearINT); 3. Insert data: INSERTINTObooks(title, author, published_year)VA


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