进入CBO优化器时代之后,成本计算值决定执行计划的选取已经成为主流。一条性能良好的执行计划建立在尽可能ldquo;贴切rdquo;的统
进入CBO优化器时代之后,成本计算值决定执行计划的选取已经成为主流。一条性能良好的执行计划建立在尽可能“贴切”的统计量基础上。CBO内部又经历了两个时代——IO Cost和CPU Cost,两者的区别就在于系统统计量(System Statistical)的应用。
RBO时代,执行计划其实也是有评估的。RBO的执行计划评定级别不会像CBO成本粒度那么细,而是15个路径等级评定。等级编号低的执行计划比等级编号高的执行计划更会被选择到。
在这个过程中,我们其实还是忽略了影响执行计划的因素,就是约束(Constraint)。Constraint对于数据库对象很重要,所谓约束,就是建立在数据表、数据列上的规则限制。Constraint的存在目的就是将业务规则融入到数据表设计中。
Constraint确定描述了数据表的一些固有特性,比如非空、外键,就从一个程度上给出了数据表特性的描述。经常性的将Constraint作为一种数据完整性约束的实现,但是对于CBO而言,约束也是搜寻“捷径”执行计划的重要信息来源。从经验上看,约束能够给CBO带来的高效执行计划作用,是不可忽视的。
本篇介绍几个常见的业务场景,说明在合理规划约束的情况下,CBO能够生成更好地执行计划。
--------------------------------------分割线 --------------------------------------
相关阅读:
Oracle完整性约束
Oracle的约束和索引
从Oracle的约束到索引
Oracle常用数据类型和完整性约束
ORA-02291: 违反完整约束条件 …… - 未找到父项关键字
--------------------------------------分割线 --------------------------------------
1、执行环境介绍
我们同时要使用CBO和RBO进行测试过程,选择Oracle 11g进行测试。
SQL> select * from v$version;
BANNER
---------------------------------
Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.3.0 - Production
PL/SQL Release 11.2.0.3.0 - Production
CORE 11.2.0.3.0 Production
TNS for Linux: Version 11.2.0.3.0 - Production
NLSRTL Version 11.2.0.3.0 – Production
当前默认使用CBO优化器组件。
SQL> show parameter optimizer
NAME TYPE VALUE
------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------
optimizer_mode string ALL_ROWS
optimizer_use_sql_plan_baselines boolean TRUE
(篇幅原因,有省略……)
2、“null还是not null”大不一样
我们在实际设计数据库中,经常会忽略字段非空设置。不少朋友和开发团队对于这个细节不以为然,认为这个设置就是会影响到插入过程。一些朋友认为:在应用层面验证一下就可以了。但是实际上,,null与not null,大不一样!有很多方面的差异和问题,纯应用层面验证是不能解决问题的。
笔者从性能优化器角度,介绍一下忽视not null效果的问题。我们首先创建实验数据表T。
--数据表T
SQL> create table t as select * from dba_objects;
Table created
--其他用途索引
SQL> create index idx_t_id on t(object_id);
Index created
--统计量收集
SQL> exec dbms_stats.gather_table_stats(user,'T',cascade => true);
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed
还是我们经常设置的场景,就是没有where条件的count动作。
SQL> explain plan for select count(*) from t;
Explained
SQL> select * from table(dbms_xplan.display);
PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
-----------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 2966233522
-------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Cost (%CPU)| Time |
-------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 1 | 294 (1)| 00:00:04 |
| 1 | SORT AGGREGATE | | 1 | | |
| 2 | TABLE ACCESS FULL| T | 75609 | 294 (1)| 00:00:04 |
----------------------------------------------
9 rows selected
很正常的执行计划,因为需要检索所有的数据行记录,检索数据表所有的记录是比较直观的想法。这个FTS执行计划成本值294。我们修改一下索引列object_id的属性,将其从原先的null设置为not null。
SQL> alter table t modify object_id not null;
Table altered
SQL> explain plan for select count(*) from t;
Explained
SQL> select * from table(dbms_xplan.display);
PLAN_TABLE_OUTPUT
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Plan hash value: 3570898368
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Cost (%CPU)| Time |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 1 | 48 (3)| 00:00:01 |
| 1 | SORT AGGREGATE | | 1 | | |
| 2 | INDEX FAST FULL SCAN| IDX_T_ID | 75609 | 48 (3)| 00:00:01 |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
9 rows selected

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