Oracle数据库发展到今天,ldquo;IO为王rdquo;已经是一种发展方向趋势。ExtraData一体机的重要特色之一就是最大程度的发挥IO能力
Oracle数据库发展到今天,“IO为王”已经是一种发展方向趋势。ExtraData一体机的重要特色之一就是最大程度的发挥IO能力、提高IO吞吐量。
相比CPU和内存,IO存储有其特殊性。我们讨论IO,通常成为I/O栈(I/O Stack)。I/O栈设计的对象是一系列关键组件层,包括HBA、Storage Switches、Storage Array和Physical Disks。这些对象共同合力,才能形成系统整体的IO能力。
四层关键组件,共同形成“木桶效应”。只要有一个层面存在不足,必然成为IO中的短板。I/O难调,也就是在这个方面。但是对于Oracle而言,我们需要关注的是IO整体性能,也就是整体的效果。
Oracle 11g有两个对于性能方面的测试工具,一个就是RAT(Real Application Test),另一个就是IO校准(Calibrate IO)。RAT是一种负载重演组件,当进行系统软硬件升级的时候,我们一个很关注的问题是:此次变化能否提升系统性能、能提升多少,会不会有新的瓶颈。这个在过去是不能实现的,只能够在升级之后通过实践去发现。但是RAT可以捕获实际系统负载情况,将其在新环境下进行重演,并且进行度量比较。IO调教的作用也是IO负载模拟,从而判断出实际真实的系统IO情况。
本篇我们就介绍IO校准特性。
1、发现IO校准
首先聊聊为什么要进行校准。IO是一个多组件共同影响的统一体,多个组件之间大部分情况下是不能够完全如同理想情况下工作的。所以需要进行硬件标准指标和实际情况之间进行校准,来获取准确的IO数据。
获取精确IO有什么用途呢?根源还是Oracle自动化和智能化的需要。进入11g之后,Oracle向智能化的步子是在加快的过程。Oracle从CBO开始,进行自动化并行决策的Auto DOP就需要IO校准的信息。
2、配置IO校准
我们进行配置过程,首先选择Oracle 11gR2进行测试。
SQL> select * from v$version;
BANNER
---------------------------------------------------
Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.3.0 - Production
PL/SQL Release 11.2.0.3.0 - Production
CORE 11.2.0.3.0 Production
TNS for Linux: Version 11.2.0.3.0 - Production
NLSRTL Version 11.2.0.3.0 - Production
11g中有一个视图v$io_calibration_status,记录了系统进行校准过程信息。和统计量不同,,Oracle是不会自动进行IO校准的,而需要DBA手工完成。
SQL> select * from v$io_calibration_status;
STATUS CALIBRATION_TIME
------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NOT AVAILABLE
注意:进行校准过程,一般需要配置异步IO功能。
SQL> show parameter disk_asy
NAME TYPE VALUE
------------------------------------ ----------- ------------------------------
disk_asynch_io boolean TRUE
SQL> select name,asynch_io from v$datafile f,v$iostat_file i
2 where f.file#=i.file_no
3 and (filetype_name='Data File' or filetype_name='Temp File');
NAME ASYNCH_IO
-------------------------------------------------- ---------
+DATA/ora11g/datafile/system.256.825944325 ASYNC_ON
+DATA/ora11g/datafile/system.256.825944325 ASYNC_ON
+DATA/ora11g/datafile/sysaux.257.825944327 ASYNC_ON
+DATA/ora11g/datafile/undotbs1.258.825944329 ASYNC_ON
+DATA/ora11g/datafile/users.259.825944329 ASYNC_ON
+DATA/ora11g/datafile/example.265.825944513 ASYNC_ON
6 rows selected
IO校准并不是单独的列出功能,而是融入到Oracle的Resource Manager功能包里面。调用IO校准的功能包DBMS_RESOURCE_MANAGER.CALIBRATE_IO,其中两个输入参数,一个是磁盘的个数,另一个是允许的最大IO延迟。这两个参数可以通过咨询运维团队和厂商实现。
调用过程如下:
SQL> set serveroutput on;
SQL> DECLARE
2 lat INTEGER;
3 iops INTEGER;
4 mbps INTEGER;
5 BEGIN
6 --DBMS_RESOURCE_MANAGER.CALIBRATE_IO(
7 DBMS_RESOURCE_MANAGER.CALIBRATE_IO (2, 10, iops, mbps, lat);
8 DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE ('max_iops = ' || iops);
9 DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE ('latency = ' || lat);
10 dbms_output.put_line('max_mbps = ' || mbps);
11 end;
12 /
max_iops = 111
latency = 8
max_mbps = 62
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed
Executed in 811.547 seconds
这个执行过程执行超过800s,时间不算短。最后计算出测算出的最大iops、延迟和最大mbps(每秒MB)。
在执行过程中,我们查看视图v$io_calibration_status。
SQL> select * from v$io_calibration_status;
STATUS CALIBRATION_TIME
------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
IN PROGRESS 14-12月-13 11.20.20.120 上午
此时的状态,从Not Available变为Ready。在校准过程中,Oracle会形成对存储的大量IO读写操作。我们借助Linux下的sar命令,监控全部过程。
[root@SimpleLinux ~]# sar -b 5 100 -o /tmp/res2
Linux 2.6.18-128.el5 (SimpleLinux.localdomain) 12/13/2013
11:25:08 AM tps rtps wtps bread/s bwrtn/s
11:25:13 AM 8.33 0.00 8.33 0.00 134.92
11:25:18 AM 23.02 1.59 21.43 50.79 311.90
11:25:23 AM 5.96 1.59 4.37 50.89 85.88
11:25:28 AM 7.14 1.59 5.56 50.79 89.68
11:25:33 AM 2.78 0.00 2.78 0.00 44.44
11:25:38 AM 5.96 1.59 4.37 50.89 85.88
11:25:43 AM 257.65 253.28 4.37 4141.55 76.34
11:25:48 AM 281.75 276.19 5.56 4415.87 219.05
11:25:53 AM 278.33 273.56 4.77 4427.83 89.07
11:25:58 AM 289.50 266.53 22.97 4264.55 237.62
11:26:03 AM 232.14 228.97 3.17 3688.89 50.79
11:26:08 AM 268.53 264.14 4.38 4608.76 92.43
注意TPS的变化过程。启动校准之后,Oracle生成大量的IO操作,来判断存储的极限。这个过程也就是让我们了解当前IO架构的上限。
我们通过Excel画出全过程的TPS、RTPS和WTPS趋势。
结束IO校准之后,我们可以查看到IO调教过程信息。
SQL> select * from v$io_calibration_status;
STATUS CALIBRATION_TIME
------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
READY 14-12月-13 11.39.10.194 上午
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