Oracle Data Guard是Oracle HA架构体系的重要组成部分,也是Oracle MAA(Maximum Availability Architecture)的关键技术方案。借
Oracle Data Guard是Oracle HA架构体系的重要组成部分,也是Oracle MAA(Maximum Availability Architecture)的关键技术方案。借助Data Guard的Switchover和Failover特性,我们可以实现运维系统高可用性需求,最大限度的降低计划内和非计划内宕机时间。
Data Guard建立在数据库软硬件、数据冗余策略,通过搭建和主库Primary Database数据相同、软硬件独立的物理(Physical)和逻辑(Logical)备库Standby,并且借助Redo Log传递应用确保数据同步。当单独数据库(通常为Primary)发生故障,不能继续提供服务时,额外的Standby可以作为备用数据库来支持应用,减少系统整体数据丢失和停机影响。
Switchover和Failover是Dataguard里面一组有区别又有联系的概念,其本质都是Primary停止对外服务,由Standby支持对外数据服务,变为新的Primary。但是两者从概念到操作上都有很大差异。
Switchover的核心是“Planned”,也就是计划内的停机切换动作。我们的运维系统在运行过程中,经常有如设备检修、软件升级补丁等维护操作。这个时候,如果是一些SLA要求很高的系统,停机时间窗口就是一个问题。特别是一些7*24的系统,业务部门是不会允许过长的停机时间。Switchover就是对Dataguard或者RAC环境下,临时性的Primary点停机进行升级工作,由Standby变为Primary支持服务,最后再切换回来的过程。这个过程在Oracle中成为角色转换role transition。由于是有准备、有计划的操作,Switchover是平顺的,不会引起数据的丢失。
Failover的核心则是“unplanned”,是和Switchover相对应,更贴近Data Guard的原始设计初衷。如果Primary出现故障,,不能支持服务的时候。Standby可以在很短的时间内,自动或者手动的切换到Primary角色。之后由这个新的Primary支持服务。如果Primary可以修复好,则可能需要重新搭建DG或者Apply为新的Standby,之后切换回Primary角色。Failover由于涉及到Primary站点的故障类型程度,所以是可能出现数据丢失的。
进行Switchover和Failover的工具方法很多,最常用的有三个:SQL Command、Data Guard Broker和DB Grid Control。本文介绍如何使用SQL Command进行Switchover操作。
相关参考:
Oracle Data Guard 重要配置参数
基于同一主机配置 Oracle 11g Data Guard
探索Oracle之11g DataGuard
Oracle Data Guard (RAC+DG) 归档删除策略及脚本
Oracle Data Guard 的角色转换
Oracle Data Guard的日志FAL gap问题
Oracle 11g Data Guard Error 16143 Heartbeat failed to connect to standby 处理方法
1、环境介绍
我们选择环境已经搭建好Dataguard,版本为11.2.0.4(Primary和Standby相同)。操作系统版本为Red Hat Linux 6.5。
SQL> select * from v$version;
BANNER
--------------------------------------------------
Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.4.0 - Production
PL/SQL Release 11.2.0.4.0 - Production
CORE 11.2.0.4.0 Production
Primary数据库unique名称为ora11g。
SQL> select name, LOG_MODE, OPEN_MODE, database_role, SWITCHOVER_STATUS, db_unique_name from v$database;
NAME LOG_MODE OPEN_MODE DATABASE_ROLE SWITCHOVER_STATUS DB_UNIQUE_NAME
--------- ------------ -------------------- ---------------- -------------------- ------------------------------
ORA11G ARCHIVELOG READ WRITE PRIMARY SESSIONS ACTIVE ora11g
Standby数据库名称为ora11gsy,此时开启实时数据同步应用。
SQL> alter database recover managed standby database using current logfile disconnect from session;
Database altered
SQL> select name, LOG_MODE, OPEN_MODE, database_role, SWITCHOVER_STATUS, db_unique_name from v$database;
NAME LOG_MODE OPEN_MODE DATABASE_ROLE SWITCHOVER_STATUS DB_UNIQUE_NAME
--------- ------------ -------------------- ---------------- -------------------- ------------------------------
ORA11G ARCHIVELOG READ ONLY WITH APPLY PHYSICAL STANDBY NOT ALLOWED ora11gsy
注意:此时standby的open mode为Read only with apply,这个是11g Active Data Guard的特性。传统DG在进行Apply的过程中,是处在mount状态的,不支持实时数据只读操作。11g支持在apply中打开数据库到只读状态。
2、Switchover过程中Primary主库操作
进行Switchover的过程分为三个步骤,一个是在Primary上停止工作,切换到Standby状态,第二个是在选择一个Standby实例,切换角色到Primary状态,最后是将其他Standby的Apply过程启动。
注意在上面我们查看Primary数据库ora11g的v$database视图,其中switchover_status取值是我们需要关注的,如果取值为session active或者to standby,我们是可以进行切换的。如果其他值,说明配置的log传输机制存在问题,需要解决调整。
--在ora11g上
SQL> alter database commit to switchover to physical standby with session shutdown;
Database altered
注意:如果swtichover_status状态为session active,就需要在命令中加入with session shutdown子句。执行后,我们发现Primary ora11g已经关闭。
SQL> select status from v$instance;
select status from v$instance
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-03135: connection lost contact
Process ID: 2357
Session ID: 1 Serial number: 5
SQL> exit
Disconnected from Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.4.0 - Production
With the Partitioning, OLAP, Data Mining and Real Application Testing options
--实例进程消失
[oracle@SimpleLinux trace]$ ps -ef | grep pmon
oracle 2107 1 0 15:35 ? 00:00:01 ora_pmon_ora11gsy
oracle 2473 1848 1 16:03 pts/1 00:00:00 grep pmon
此时,alert log中也记录了实例停止的情况。
ALTER DATABASE ADD STANDBY LOGFILE 'srl1.f' SIZE 52428800;
ALTER DATABASE ADD STANDBY LOGFILE 'srl2.f' SIZE 52428800;
ALTER DATABASE ADD STANDBY LOGFILE 'srl3.f' SIZE 52428800;
ALTER DATABASE ADD STANDBY LOGFILE 'srl4.f' SIZE 52428800;
Archivelog for thread 1 sequence 19 required for standby recovery
Switchover: Primary controlfile converted to standby controlfile succesfully.
Switchover: Complete - Database shutdown required
USER (ospid: 2365): terminating the instance
Instance terminated by USER, pid = 2365
Completed: alter database commit to switchover to physical standby with session shutdown
Shutting down instance (abort)
License high water mark = 6
Sun Apr 20 16:02:11 2014
Instance shutdown complete
在这个过程中,为了确保数据无损失,Primary一定将所有的日志信息传递到Standby上。此时,可以启动Primary,到mount standby状态。
[oracle@SimpleLinux trace]$ sqlplus /nolog
SQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.4.0 Production on Sun Apr 20 16:06:47 2014
Copyright (c) 1982, 2013, Oracle. All rights reserved.
SQL> conn / as sysdba
Connected to an idle instance.
SQL> startup nomount
ORACLE instance started.
Total System Global Area 372449280 bytes
Fixed Size 1364732 bytes
Variable Size 331353348 bytes
Database Buffers 33554432 bytes
Redo Buffers 6176768 bytes
SQL> alter database mount standby database;
Database altered.
注意:如果需要进行设备维修或者停机操作,是可以不启动Primary的。
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