对于MySQL数据库的热备,xtrabackup是除了MySQL enterprise backup之外的不二之
对于MySQL数据库的热备,xtrabackup是除了MySQL enterprise backup之外的不二之选。该工具提供了基于innodb存储引擎的热备,支持全量,增量备份,部分备份,时点恢复以及使用xtrabackup备份来重做slave等。xtrabackup工具包包含一个innobackupex命令行工具,同时支持InnoDB引擎以及MyISAM引擎。本文主要描述的是trabackup的备份原理并给出了相关演示。
1、安装部署Xtrabackup
下载地址:
# 本次安装的版本为2.2.5,下载后解压为rpm文件,直接安装即可
# tar -xvf Percona-XtraBackup-2.2.5-r5027-el5-x86_64-bundle.tar
# rpm -Uvh percona-xtrabackup-2.2.5-5027.el5.x86_64.rpm
# rpm -Uvh percona-xtrabackup-debuginfo-2.2.5-5027.el5.x86_64.rpm
# rpm -Uvh percona-xtrabackup-test-2.2.5-5027.el5.x86_64.rpm
[root@app ~]# ls /usr/bin/xtraba* /usr/bin/inno*
/usr/bin/innobackupex /usr/bin/innochecksum /usr/bin/xtrabackup
Xtrabackup有两个主要的工具:xtrabackup、innobackupex
a、xtrabackup只能备份InnoDB和XtraDB两种数据表,而不能备份MyISAM数据表
b、innobackupex是一个perl脚本封装了xtrabackup。支持同时备份InnoDB和MyISAM引擎的表。
注:本文描述的xtrabackup与innobackupex可以看做是同一概念。
2、xtrabackup工作原理
InnoDB引擎很大程度上与Oracle类似,使用redo,undo机制,因此在热备期间需要考虑对于日志缓冲区在线事物日志及时写出到文件的问题。如果log buffer没有及时写出将被日志的循环写特性覆盖。xtrabackup在启动时会记住log sequence number(LSN),然后一页一页地复制InnoDB的数据。与此同时,监控log buffer中的日志情况,一旦log buffer发生变化,即数据发生了不一致,该过程会立即被捕获并把变化的页面复制到xtrabckup log,直到全部innoDB数据文件复制完成之后,停止监控log buffer及日志复制。
xtrabackup在恢复期间对提交的事务前滚,未提交或失败的事务进行回滚,从而保证数据的一致性。因此对于InnoDB表在备份期间不会锁表。由于XtraBackup其内置的InnoDB库打开文件的时候是rw的,所以运行XtraBackup的用户,必须对InnoDB的数据文件具有读写权限。
3、extrabackup的备份步骤
4、演示全备
#当前环境
robin@localhost[(none)]> show variables like 'version';
+---------------+------------+
| Variable_name | Value |
+---------------+------------+
| version | 5.6.12-log |
+---------------+------------+
robin@localhost[(none)]> show variables like '%default_storage%';
+------------------------+--------+
| Variable_name | Value |
+------------------------+--------+
| default_storage_engine | InnoDB |
+------------------------+--------+
#全备数据库
[mysql@app ~]$ innobackupex --user=robin -password=xxx --port=3606 --socket=/tmp/mysql3606.sock \
> --defaults-file=/data/inst3606/data3606/my3606.cnf /data/bak/hotbak
InnoDB Backup Utility v1.5.1-xtrabackup; Copyright 2003, 2009 Innobase Oy
............
141105 15:41:59 innobackupex: Connecting to MySQL server with DSN 'dbi:mysql:;
.............
innobackupex: Using mysql server version 5.6.12-log
innobackupex: Created backup directory /data/bak/hotbak/2014-11-05_15-42-02 #在指定备份目录下创建一个基于时间戳的文件夹
141105 15:42:02 innobackupex: Starting ibbackup with command: xtrabackup --defaults-file="/data/inst3606/data3606/my3606.cnf"
--defaults-group="mysqld" --backup --suspend-at-end --target-dir=/data/bak/hotbak/2014-11-05_15-42-02
--tmpdir=/tmp --extra-lsndir='/tmp'
innobackupex: Waiting for ibbackup (pid=27441) to suspend
innobackupex: Suspend file '/data/bak/hotbak/2014-11-05_15-42-02/xtrabackup_suspended_2'
#下面从配置文件获取有关innodb的配置信息
xtrabackup version 2.2.5 based on MySQL server 5.6.21 Linux (x86_64) (revision id: )
xtrabackup: uses posix_fadvise().
xtrabackup: cd to /data/inst3606/data3606
xtrabackup: open files limit requested 0, set to 1024 # Author : Leshami
xtrabackup: using the following InnoDB configuration: # Blog :
xtrabackup: innodb_data_home_dir = ./
xtrabackup: innodb_data_file_path = ibdata1:10M:autoextend
xtrabackup: innodb_log_group_home_dir = ./
xtrabackup: innodb_log_files_in_group = 2
xtrabackup: innodb_log_file_size = 50331648
>> log scanned up to (380655683) #扫描innodb日志lsn并复制inndodb系统表空间
[01] Copying ./ibdata1 to /data/bak/hotbak/2014-11-05_15-42-02/ibdata1
>> log scanned up to (380655683)
>> log scanned up to (380655683)
[01] ...done
[01] Copying ./mysql/slave_relay_log_info.ibd to /data/bak/hotbak/2014-11-05_15-42-02/mysql/slave_relay_log_info.ibd
#类似部分省略,,全部是基于innodb引擎的ibd文件...
[01] Copying ./tempdb/tb_user.ibd to /data/bak/hotbak/2014-11-05_15-42-02/tempdb/tb_user.ibd
[01] ...done
>> log scanned up to (380655683)
xtrabackup: Creating suspend file '/data/bak/hotbak/2014-11-05_15-42-02/xtrabackup_suspended_2' with pid '27441'

MySQL is an open source relational database management system, mainly used to store and retrieve data quickly and reliably. Its working principle includes client requests, query resolution, execution of queries and return results. Examples of usage include creating tables, inserting and querying data, and advanced features such as JOIN operations. Common errors involve SQL syntax, data types, and permissions, and optimization suggestions include the use of indexes, optimized queries, and partitioning of tables.

MySQL is an open source relational database management system suitable for data storage, management, query and security. 1. It supports a variety of operating systems and is widely used in Web applications and other fields. 2. Through the client-server architecture and different storage engines, MySQL processes data efficiently. 3. Basic usage includes creating databases and tables, inserting, querying and updating data. 4. Advanced usage involves complex queries and stored procedures. 5. Common errors can be debugged through the EXPLAIN statement. 6. Performance optimization includes the rational use of indexes and optimized query statements.

MySQL is chosen for its performance, reliability, ease of use, and community support. 1.MySQL provides efficient data storage and retrieval functions, supporting multiple data types and advanced query operations. 2. Adopt client-server architecture and multiple storage engines to support transaction and query optimization. 3. Easy to use, supports a variety of operating systems and programming languages. 4. Have strong community support and provide rich resources and solutions.

InnoDB's lock mechanisms include shared locks, exclusive locks, intention locks, record locks, gap locks and next key locks. 1. Shared lock allows transactions to read data without preventing other transactions from reading. 2. Exclusive lock prevents other transactions from reading and modifying data. 3. Intention lock optimizes lock efficiency. 4. Record lock lock index record. 5. Gap lock locks index recording gap. 6. The next key lock is a combination of record lock and gap lock to ensure data consistency.

The main reasons for poor MySQL query performance include not using indexes, wrong execution plan selection by the query optimizer, unreasonable table design, excessive data volume and lock competition. 1. No index causes slow querying, and adding indexes can significantly improve performance. 2. Use the EXPLAIN command to analyze the query plan and find out the optimizer error. 3. Reconstructing the table structure and optimizing JOIN conditions can improve table design problems. 4. When the data volume is large, partitioning and table division strategies are adopted. 5. In a high concurrency environment, optimizing transactions and locking strategies can reduce lock competition.

In database optimization, indexing strategies should be selected according to query requirements: 1. When the query involves multiple columns and the order of conditions is fixed, use composite indexes; 2. When the query involves multiple columns but the order of conditions is not fixed, use multiple single-column indexes. Composite indexes are suitable for optimizing multi-column queries, while single-column indexes are suitable for single-column queries.

To optimize MySQL slow query, slowquerylog and performance_schema need to be used: 1. Enable slowquerylog and set thresholds to record slow query; 2. Use performance_schema to analyze query execution details, find out performance bottlenecks and optimize.

MySQL and SQL are essential skills for developers. 1.MySQL is an open source relational database management system, and SQL is the standard language used to manage and operate databases. 2.MySQL supports multiple storage engines through efficient data storage and retrieval functions, and SQL completes complex data operations through simple statements. 3. Examples of usage include basic queries and advanced queries, such as filtering and sorting by condition. 4. Common errors include syntax errors and performance issues, which can be optimized by checking SQL statements and using EXPLAIN commands. 5. Performance optimization techniques include using indexes, avoiding full table scanning, optimizing JOIN operations and improving code readability.


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