MySQL数据库的集中化运维,可以通过在一台MySQL数据库服务器上,部署多个MySQL实例。该功能是通过mysqld_multi来实现。mysqld_mu
MySQL数据库的集中化运维,可以通过在一台MySQL数据库服务器上,部署多个MySQL实例。该功能是通过mysqld_multi来实现。mysqld_multi用于管理多个mysqld的服务进程,这些mysqld服务进程程序可以用不同的socket或是监听于不同的端口,同时将数据文件分布到不同的磁盘以分散IO。mysqld_multi提供简单的命令用于启动,关闭和报告所管理的服务器的状态。从而减少生产环境的维护成本,方便后续的迁移和清理等工作,借助多实例绑定的方式提高服务器的整体资源利用率。对于多实例的配置有2种方式,一种是在my.cnf为所有实例提供配置,一种是使用每一个实例一个配置文件。本文主要描述第一种方式。
第二种多实例配置方式请参考:MySQL多实例配置(二)
有关MySQL单实例的安装请参考:Linux 下MySQL源码安装完整版
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Ubuntu 14.04下安装MySQL
《MySQL权威指南(原书第2版)》清晰中文扫描版 PDF
Ubuntu 14.04 LTS 安装 LNMP Nginx\PHP5 (PHP-FPM)\MySQL
Ubuntu 14.04下搭建MySQL主从服务器
Ubuntu 12.04 LTS 构建高可用分布式 MySQL 集群
Ubuntu 12.04下源代码安装MySQL5.6以及Python-MySQLdb
MySQL-5.5.38通用二进制安装
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1、各数据库多实例的差异
MSSQL
MSSQL中的实例指的是一个SQL server服务器上仅有一个缺省实例。缺省实例名即为机器名ServerName(或IP)。
如果在同一台机器上再安装SQL server,,我们可以对实例命名如ServerName/InstanceName。
即一台SQL server服务器上可以存在多个不同的实例。一个实例下可以存在多个不同的数据库。
对于不同实例下的数据库的访问,使用ServerName/InstanceName:PortNo即可实现访问,缺省实例为ServerName:PortNo。
对不同的实例配置IP地址,相关的访问协议,端口等等。
实例的可访问性需要启动该实例对应的相关服务。此处需要注意的是实例名和实例的服务名并不是相同的。
缺省的实例的服务名为MSSQLSERVER,而命名实例的服务名为MSSQL$INSTANCE_NAME。
Oracle
一个Oracle Server由一个Oracle实例和一个Oracle数据库组成。即:Oracle Server = Oracle Instance + Oracle Database
在Oracle的实例主要是由SGA,PGA以及一堆的后台进程来组成,此称之为实例。
一系列物理文件的集合包括控制文件、数据文件、联机日志文件、参数文件、密码文件等称之为数据库。
一个实例只能访问一个数据库,一个数据库可以被多个实例访问。
MySQL
MySQL实例的概念与MSSQL差不多,一个MySQL实例下可以存在或访问N个数据库。
不同的实例间可以用不同的端口号来区分,各个实例的数据可以使用不同的磁盘目录。
MySQL多实例通过mysqld_multi工具来进行管理。
2、现有的环境
mysql安装路径: /u01/app/mysql
mysql数据路径: /u01/app/mysqldata/data3306
mysql端口号: 3306
mysql 版本:5.6.12 Source distribution
OS 环境:SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 11 SP3 (x86_64)
3、初始化实例
#为新实例创建数据目录并赋权
suse11:~ # mkdir -p /u01/app/mysqldata/data3406
suse11:~ # mkdir -p /u01/app/mysqldata/data3506
suse11:~ # chown mysql:mysql -R /u01/app/mysqldata/data3406
suse11:~ # chown mysql:mysql -R /u01/app/mysqldata/data3506
#初始化实例
suse11:~ # cd /u01/app/mysql
suse11:/u01/app/mysql # ./scripts/mysql_install_db --user=mysql --ldata=/u01/app/mysqldata/data3406/
suse11:/u01/app/mysql # ./scripts/mysql_install_db --user=mysql --ldata=/u01/app/mysqldata/data3506/
# Author : Leshami
# Blog :
4、修改配置文件
suse11:~ # more /etc/my.cnf #本配置文件中仅提供了多实例的基本参数,生产环境根据情形自行添加
[mysqld_multi]
mysqld = /u01/app/mysql/bin/mysqld_safe
mysqladmin = /u01/app/mysql/bin/mysqladmin
user = admin #此帐户用于多实例关闭时使用,需要在每个实例上创建并授权
password = xxx #使用统一的密码便于管理
[mysqld3306]
socket = /tmp/mysql3306.sock
port = 3306
pid-file = /u01/app/mysqldata/data3306/mysql3306.pid
datadir = /u01/app/mysqldata/data3306
basedir = /u01/app/mysql
user = mysql
server-id=3306
[mysqld3406]
socket = /tmp/mysql3406.sock
port = 3406
pid-file = /u01/app/mysqldata/data3406/mysql3406.pid
datadir = /u01/app/mysqldata/data3406
basedir = /u01/app/mysql
user = mysql
server-id=3406
[mysqld3506]
socket = /tmp/mysql3506.sock
port = 3506
pid-file = /u01/app/mysqldata/data3506/mysql3506.pid
datadir = /u01/app/mysqldata/data3506
basedir = /u01/app/mysql
user = mysql
server-id=3506

ACID attributes include atomicity, consistency, isolation and durability, and are the cornerstone of database design. 1. Atomicity ensures that the transaction is either completely successful or completely failed. 2. Consistency ensures that the database remains consistent before and after a transaction. 3. Isolation ensures that transactions do not interfere with each other. 4. Persistence ensures that data is permanently saved after transaction submission.

MySQL is not only a database management system (DBMS) but also closely related to programming languages. 1) As a DBMS, MySQL is used to store, organize and retrieve data, and optimizing indexes can improve query performance. 2) Combining SQL with programming languages, embedded in Python, using ORM tools such as SQLAlchemy can simplify operations. 3) Performance optimization includes indexing, querying, caching, library and table division and transaction management.

MySQL uses SQL commands to manage data. 1. Basic commands include SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE and DELETE. 2. Advanced usage involves JOIN, subquery and aggregate functions. 3. Common errors include syntax, logic and performance issues. 4. Optimization tips include using indexes, avoiding SELECT* and using LIMIT.

MySQL is an efficient relational database management system suitable for storing and managing data. Its advantages include high-performance queries, flexible transaction processing and rich data types. In practical applications, MySQL is often used in e-commerce platforms, social networks and content management systems, but attention should be paid to performance optimization, data security and scalability.

The relationship between SQL and MySQL is the relationship between standard languages and specific implementations. 1.SQL is a standard language used to manage and operate relational databases, allowing data addition, deletion, modification and query. 2.MySQL is a specific database management system that uses SQL as its operating language and provides efficient data storage and management.

InnoDB uses redologs and undologs to ensure data consistency and reliability. 1.redologs record data page modification to ensure crash recovery and transaction persistence. 2.undologs records the original data value and supports transaction rollback and MVCC.

Key metrics for EXPLAIN commands include type, key, rows, and Extra. 1) The type reflects the access type of the query. The higher the value, the higher the efficiency, such as const is better than ALL. 2) The key displays the index used, and NULL indicates no index. 3) rows estimates the number of scanned rows, affecting query performance. 4) Extra provides additional information, such as Usingfilesort prompts that it needs to be optimized.

Usingtemporary indicates that the need to create temporary tables in MySQL queries, which are commonly found in ORDERBY using DISTINCT, GROUPBY, or non-indexed columns. You can avoid the occurrence of indexes and rewrite queries and improve query performance. Specifically, when Usingtemporary appears in EXPLAIN output, it means that MySQL needs to create temporary tables to handle queries. This usually occurs when: 1) deduplication or grouping when using DISTINCT or GROUPBY; 2) sort when ORDERBY contains non-index columns; 3) use complex subquery or join operations. Optimization methods include: 1) ORDERBY and GROUPB


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