索引的使用对于一些庞大的sql语句来说,大多数的调优场景中有种雪中送炭的感觉,如果几百万,几千万的数据筛查,全表扫描将会是一
索引的使用对于一些庞大的sql语句来说,大多数的调优场景中有种雪中送炭的感觉,如果几百万,几千万的数据筛查,全表扫描将会是一个极度消耗资源的过程,但是如果走了索引扫描,可能性能会提升成百上千倍。索引的访问模式有以下几种,其实有些时候对有些细节还是不太注意。对不同的使用场景可以有一定的针对性,,效率也许更高。
Oracle之索引(Index)实例讲解 - 基础
Oracle | PL/SQL唯一索引(Unique Constraint)用法
Oracle全文索引的性能优势实例
Oracle非关键文件恢复,redo、临时文件、索引文件、密码文件
Oracle索引表空间数据文件丢失及重建
Oracle 实现基于函数的索引
Oracle索引被抑制情况
Oracle 重建索引脚本
可以创建如下的测试表来简单归纳一些。
SQL> create table a as select object_id,object_name,object_type from dba_objects;
Table created.
SQL> desc a
Name Null? Type
----------------------------------------------------- -------- ------------------------------------
OBJECT_ID NUMBER
OBJECT_NAME VARCHAR2(128)
OBJECT_TYPE VARCHAR2(19)
SQL> analyze table a compute statistics;
Table analyzed.
SQL> create unique index ind_a on a(object_id); --我们创建了唯一性索引
Index created.
SQL> set autot traceonly exp
查看执行计划,使用了index uniqe scan,这种方式是最快的索引访问模式。
我们只输出索引列的值,结果预想可以走索引扫描,但是结果走了全表扫描,来看看为什么。
我们只需要简单的修改一些列的属性,就可以排除null的干扰,走索引扫描,这个时候走的是快速索引全扫描。这种索引扫描因为不会涉及到排序,所以扫描要快一些。
如果要对索引列作排序,这个时候可以使用索引全扫描,通过下面的执行计划可以看到快速扫描和全扫描的差别。
如果涉及到索引列的区间值,可以使用区间扫描,比如我们常用的between条件就会走区间扫描。
对于跳跃索引扫描,可能会略微难懂一些。
可以举一个简单的例子来模拟一下。我们创建一个表a,然后让一些字段的数据分布倾斜。
SQL> drop index ind_a;
Index dropped.
SQL> create index ind_a on a(object_type,object_id,object_name);
Index created.
SQL> analyze table a compute statistics for all indexed columns;
Table analyzed.
SQL> select object_id from a where object_type='INDEX PARTITION' and rownum
OBJECT_ID
----------
5639
可以看到数据的分布情况如下。
这个时候使用object_id来做查询,就会走跳跃索引扫描。尽管索引列是(object_type,object_id,object_name),但是通过object_id能够筛查出很小比例的数据。
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ACID attributes include atomicity, consistency, isolation and durability, and are the cornerstone of database design. 1. Atomicity ensures that the transaction is either completely successful or completely failed. 2. Consistency ensures that the database remains consistent before and after a transaction. 3. Isolation ensures that transactions do not interfere with each other. 4. Persistence ensures that data is permanently saved after transaction submission.

MySQL is not only a database management system (DBMS) but also closely related to programming languages. 1) As a DBMS, MySQL is used to store, organize and retrieve data, and optimizing indexes can improve query performance. 2) Combining SQL with programming languages, embedded in Python, using ORM tools such as SQLAlchemy can simplify operations. 3) Performance optimization includes indexing, querying, caching, library and table division and transaction management.

MySQL uses SQL commands to manage data. 1. Basic commands include SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE and DELETE. 2. Advanced usage involves JOIN, subquery and aggregate functions. 3. Common errors include syntax, logic and performance issues. 4. Optimization tips include using indexes, avoiding SELECT* and using LIMIT.

MySQL is an efficient relational database management system suitable for storing and managing data. Its advantages include high-performance queries, flexible transaction processing and rich data types. In practical applications, MySQL is often used in e-commerce platforms, social networks and content management systems, but attention should be paid to performance optimization, data security and scalability.

The relationship between SQL and MySQL is the relationship between standard languages and specific implementations. 1.SQL is a standard language used to manage and operate relational databases, allowing data addition, deletion, modification and query. 2.MySQL is a specific database management system that uses SQL as its operating language and provides efficient data storage and management.

InnoDB uses redologs and undologs to ensure data consistency and reliability. 1.redologs record data page modification to ensure crash recovery and transaction persistence. 2.undologs records the original data value and supports transaction rollback and MVCC.

Key metrics for EXPLAIN commands include type, key, rows, and Extra. 1) The type reflects the access type of the query. The higher the value, the higher the efficiency, such as const is better than ALL. 2) The key displays the index used, and NULL indicates no index. 3) rows estimates the number of scanned rows, affecting query performance. 4) Extra provides additional information, such as Usingfilesort prompts that it needs to be optimized.

Usingtemporary indicates that the need to create temporary tables in MySQL queries, which are commonly found in ORDERBY using DISTINCT, GROUPBY, or non-indexed columns. You can avoid the occurrence of indexes and rewrite queries and improve query performance. Specifically, when Usingtemporary appears in EXPLAIN output, it means that MySQL needs to create temporary tables to handle queries. This usually occurs when: 1) deduplication or grouping when using DISTINCT or GROUPBY; 2) sort when ORDERBY contains non-index columns; 3) use complex subquery or join operations. Optimization methods include: 1) ORDERBY and GROUPB


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