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HomeDatabaseMysql TutorialOracle外键约束(Foreign Key)的几个操作选项

关系型数据库是以数据表和关系作为两大对象基

关系型数据库是以数据表和关系作为两大对象基础。数据表是以二维关系将数据组织在DBMS中,而关系建立数据表之间的关联,搭建现实对象模型。主外键是任何数据库系统都需存在的约束对象,从对象模型中的业务逻辑加以抽象,作为物理设计的一个部分在数据库中加以实现。

Oracle外键是维护参照完整性的重要手段,大多数情况下的外键都是紧密关联关系。外键约束的作用,是保证字表某个字段取值全都与另一个数据表主键字段相对应。也就是说,只要外键约束存在并有效,就不允许无参照取值出现在字表列中。具体在Oracle数据库中,外键约束还是存在一些操作选项的。本篇主要从实验入手,介绍常见操作选项。

1、环境介绍

笔者选择Oracle 11gR2进行测试,具体版本号为11.2.0.4。

SQL> select * from v$version;

BANNER

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.4.0 - 64bit Production

PL/SQL Release 11.2.0.4.0 - Production

CORE      11.2.0.4.0    Production

TNS for 64-bit Windows: Version 11.2.0.4.0 - Production

NLSRTL Version 11.2.0.4.0 – Production

创建数据表Prim和Child,对应数据插入。

SQL> create table prim (v_id number(3), v_name varchar2(100));

Table created

SQL> alter table prim add constraint pk_prim primary key (v_id);

Table altered

SQL> create table child (c_id number(3), v_id number(3), c_name varchar2(100));

Table created

SQL> alter table child add constraint pk_child primary key (c_id);

Table altered

二、默认外键行为

首先我们查看默认外键行为方式。

SQL> alter table CHILD

  2    add constraint FK_CHILD_PRIM foreign key (V_ID)

  3    references prim (V_ID)

  4  ;

在没有额外参数加入的情况下,Oracle外键将严格按照标准外键方式工作。

--在有子记录情况下,强制删除主表记录;

SQL> delete prim where v_id=2;

delete prim where v_id=2

ORA-02292:违反完整约束条件(A.FK_CHILD_PRIM) - 已找到子记录

--在存在子表记录情况下,更改主表记录;

SQL> update prim set v_id=4 where v_id=2;

update prim set v_id=4 where v_id=2

ORA-02292:违反完整约束条件(A.FK_CHILD_PRIM) - 已找到子记录

--修改子表记录

SQL> update child set v_id=5 where v_id=2;

update child set v_id=5 where v_id=2

ORA-02291: 违反完整约束条件 (A.FK_CHILD_PRIM) - 未找到父项关键字

上面实验说明:在默认的Oracle外键配置条件下,只要有子表记录存在,主表记录是不允许修改或者删除的。子表记录也必须时刻保证参照完整性。

三、On delete cascade

对于应用开发人员而言,严格外键约束关系是比较麻烦的。如果直接操作数据库记录,就意味着需要手工处理主子表关系,处理删除顺序问题。On delete cascade允许了一种“先删除主表,连带删除子表记录”的功能,同时确保数据表整体参照完整性。

创建on delete cascade外键,只需要在创建外键中添加相应的子句。

SQL> alter table child add constraint FK_CHILD_PRIM foreign key(v_id) references prim(v_id) on delete cascade;

Table altered

测试:

SQL> delete prim where v_id=2;

1 row deleted

SQL> select * from prim;

V_ID V_NAME

---- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

  1 kk

  3 iowkd

 

SQL> select * from child;

C_ID V_ID C_NAME

---- ---- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

  1    1 kll

  2    1 ddkll

  3    1 43kll

 

SQL> rollback;

Rollback complete

删除主表操作成功,对应的子表记录被连带自动删除。但是其他操作依然是不允许进行。

SQL> update prim set v_id=4 where v_id=2;

update prim set v_id=4 where v_id=2

ORA-02292:违反完整约束条件(A.FK_CHILD_PRIM) - 已找到子记录

 

SQL> update child set v_id=5 where v_id=2;

update child set v_id=5 where v_id=2

ORA-02291: 违反完整约束条件 (A.FK_CHILD_PRIM) - 未找到父项关键字

On delete cascade被称为“级联删除”,对开发人员来讲是一种方便的策略,可以直接“无视”子记录而删掉主记录。但是,一般情况下,数据库设计人员和DBA一般都不推荐这样的策略。

究其原因,还是由于系统业务规则而定。On delete cascade的确在一定程度上很方便,但是这种自动操作在一些业务系统中是可能存在风险的。例如:一个系统中存在一个参数引用关系,这个参数被引用到诸如合同的主记录中。按照业务规则,如果这个参数被引用过,,就不应当被删除。如果我们设置了on delete cascade外键,连带的合同记录就自动的被“干掉”了。开发参数模块的同事一般情况下,也没有足够的“觉悟”去做手工判定。基于这个因素,我们推荐采用默认的强约束关联,起码不会引起数据丢失的情况。

在CentOS 6.4下安装Oracle 11gR2(x64)

Oracle 11gR2 在VMWare虚拟机中安装步骤

Debian 下 安装 Oracle 11g XE R2

Oracle Linux 6.5安装Oracle 11.2.0.4 x64

更多详情见请继续阅读下一页的精彩内容:

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