之前写了一篇文章以为对MVCC的大致原理有些了解了。今天看了《高性能MySQL》的时候,深究了一下read view的问题,发现还是蛮有意思的。 特别画了一张图来确认一下。 本文是上一篇MySQL事务和MVCC简介的后续,建议先了解上一篇文章以后再阅读本文。 上一篇文
之前写了一篇文章以为对MVCC的大致原理有些了解了。今天看了《高性能MySQL》的时候,深究了一下read view的问题,发现还是蛮有意思的。
特别画了一张图来确认一下。
本文是上一篇MySQL事务和MVCC简介的后续,建议先了解上一篇文章以后再阅读本文。
上一篇文章简单描述了MVCC的相关情况,但是没有详细说,read view是什么结构,并且它到底是怎么工作的。
比如,我们在show engine innodb status可以看到如下内容:
- ? —TRANSACTION 0 600, ACTIVE 4 sec, process no 3396, OS thread id 1148250464, thread declared inside InnoDB 442
- ? mysql tables in use 1, locked 0
- ? MySQL thread id 8079, query id 728899 localhost baron Sending data
- ? select sql_calc_found_rows * from b limit 5
- ? Trx read view will not see trx with id>= 0 601, sees
要理解这个,我们首先要知道:
read view其实就是一个保存事务ID的list列表。记录的是本事务执行时,MySQL还有哪些事务在执行。
Read Repeatable(下文和图中用RR表示)对应的是在每个事务启动的时候创建 一个Read View。
Read Commit(下文和图中用RC表示)对应的是每次执行SQL statement时候创建?一个Read View。
根据show engine innodb status的输出是说看到这个事务的id是600。
对这个事务来说,trx id为596以下的所有事务修改的行数据,这个事务都可以看到,
trx id在601以上的事务修改的数据,这个事务都不应该读取到。
596到601号事务,一共5个事务修改的数据无法确定是否能够读取。read view应该为这5个事务id集合的子集。
如果线程的隔离级别是RR:
按照show engine innodb status的输出,600号事务在事务启动的时候,MySQL告诉它:
596之前的所有事务都已经提交了(Trx read view will not see trx with id>= 0 601, sees ),
由于事务本身是600号,那么对应的601号事务因为是在它后面启动的,600号事务肯定无法提供读取到数据(Trx read view will not see trx with id>= 0 601,?sees
read view表示的是事务开始时MySQL还有哪些事务在执行,就应该为{596,597,598,599}集合的子集,假设为{596,598},
根据read view,Innodb在读取数据的时候需要判断该行数据的修改事务号,判断的方法为:
a)?如果行数据的修改事务号小于596,由于在事务启动的时候596之前的所有线程都已经提交了,那么该行数据可读。
b) 如果行数据的修改事务号大于601,那么该行数据肯定不可读。如果事务号为600(即自己),本事务未提交,当然也是不可读的。
为了保证在事务内任何时间读取的数据都是一致的,需要根据行数据的undo信息回溯,每次回溯都需要进行a),b),c),d)的判断,直到找到一个可读的数据。
c) 如果行数据的修改事务号在read view里面{596,599},说明是该事务(600号)开始时没有提交的数据修改,
为了保证在事务内任何时间读取的数据都是一致的,需要根据行数据的undo信息回溯,每次回溯都需要进行a),b),c),d)的判断,直到找到一个可读的数据。
d)如果不在read view里面,即事务id号在{597,598}中,说明修改行数据是该事务(600号)开始时已经提交的数据修改,那么该行数据可读。
图1 MySQL read view 示意图
如图1。这个事务的行修改数据在{[0~595],597,598}是可读区间,{596,599,600,[601~ +infinity]}是不可读区间。
如果线程的隔离级别是RC,线程开始的时候,RC事务并不会做read view,此时开始的SQL跟上面RR的情况可能是一样的。
但是过了一段时间如果601事务提交了,同样的查询,在RC下面提交,对应的show engine innodb status的信息可能稍微有点不同:
- ? —TRANSACTION 0?600, ACTIVE 4 sec, process no 3396, OS thread id 1148250464, thread declared inside InnoDB 442
- ? mysql tables in use 1, locked 0
- ? MySQL thread id 8079, query id 728899 localhost baron Sending data
- ? select sql_calc_found_rows * from b limit 5
- ??Trx read view will not see trx with id>= 0 602, sees
按照输出,600号事务在语句“select sql_calc_found_rows * from b limit 5”发起的时候,MySQL告诉它:
596之前的所有事务都已经提交了(Trx read view will not see trx with id>= 0 601,?sees ),
对应的,602号线程以及它之后的所有线程都还未提交(Trx read view?will not see trx with id>= 0 602,?sees
read view表示的是语句开始时MySQL还有哪些事务在执行(注意,这里跟RR为事务开始的时候的read view不同了),
在一个事务里面,每个SQL执行的时候,它的read view都可能是不同的。有可能事务启动的时候的sql的read view为{596,598},
这个语句执行的时候,601事务提交了,read view为{596,598}。
注意,601号事务虽然在600事务后启动,此时已经提交了行数据修改,它修改的数据,600号线程也可以读到。
根据read view,InnoDB在读取数据的时候需要判断该行数据的修改事务号,判断的方法为:
a)?如果行数据的修改事务号小于596,由于在语句启动的时候596之前的所有线程都已经提交了,那么该行数据可读。
b) 如果行数据的修改事务号大于等于602,那么该行数据肯定不可读。如果事务号为600(即自己),本事务未提交,当然也是不可读的。
为了保证读到的是Commited的数据,需要根据行数据的undo信息回溯,每次回溯都需要进行a),b),c),d)的判断,直到找到一个可读的数据。
c) 如果行数据的修改事务号在read view里面{596,599},说明是该语句开始时没有提交的数据修改,
为了保证读到的是Commited的数据,需要根据行数据的undo信息回溯,每次回溯都需要进行a),b),c),d)的判断,直到找到一个可读的数据。
d)如果不在read view里面,即事务id号在{597,598}中,说明修改行数据是该语句开始时已经提交的数据修改,那么该行数据可读。
如图1。这个语句的修改行数据的事务id在{[0~595],597,598,601}是可读区间,{596,599,600,[602~ +infinity]}是不可读区间。
整体来说,这篇文章描述了在Read Readrepeatable和Read Commit环境下,MySQL根据Read View读取数据的方法,来保证可重复读和只读到已经提交的数据。
原文地址:MVCC read view的问题, 感谢原作者分享。

MySQL is an open source relational database management system, mainly used to store and retrieve data quickly and reliably. Its working principle includes client requests, query resolution, execution of queries and return results. Examples of usage include creating tables, inserting and querying data, and advanced features such as JOIN operations. Common errors involve SQL syntax, data types, and permissions, and optimization suggestions include the use of indexes, optimized queries, and partitioning of tables.

MySQL is an open source relational database management system suitable for data storage, management, query and security. 1. It supports a variety of operating systems and is widely used in Web applications and other fields. 2. Through the client-server architecture and different storage engines, MySQL processes data efficiently. 3. Basic usage includes creating databases and tables, inserting, querying and updating data. 4. Advanced usage involves complex queries and stored procedures. 5. Common errors can be debugged through the EXPLAIN statement. 6. Performance optimization includes the rational use of indexes and optimized query statements.

MySQL is chosen for its performance, reliability, ease of use, and community support. 1.MySQL provides efficient data storage and retrieval functions, supporting multiple data types and advanced query operations. 2. Adopt client-server architecture and multiple storage engines to support transaction and query optimization. 3. Easy to use, supports a variety of operating systems and programming languages. 4. Have strong community support and provide rich resources and solutions.

InnoDB's lock mechanisms include shared locks, exclusive locks, intention locks, record locks, gap locks and next key locks. 1. Shared lock allows transactions to read data without preventing other transactions from reading. 2. Exclusive lock prevents other transactions from reading and modifying data. 3. Intention lock optimizes lock efficiency. 4. Record lock lock index record. 5. Gap lock locks index recording gap. 6. The next key lock is a combination of record lock and gap lock to ensure data consistency.

The main reasons for poor MySQL query performance include not using indexes, wrong execution plan selection by the query optimizer, unreasonable table design, excessive data volume and lock competition. 1. No index causes slow querying, and adding indexes can significantly improve performance. 2. Use the EXPLAIN command to analyze the query plan and find out the optimizer error. 3. Reconstructing the table structure and optimizing JOIN conditions can improve table design problems. 4. When the data volume is large, partitioning and table division strategies are adopted. 5. In a high concurrency environment, optimizing transactions and locking strategies can reduce lock competition.

In database optimization, indexing strategies should be selected according to query requirements: 1. When the query involves multiple columns and the order of conditions is fixed, use composite indexes; 2. When the query involves multiple columns but the order of conditions is not fixed, use multiple single-column indexes. Composite indexes are suitable for optimizing multi-column queries, while single-column indexes are suitable for single-column queries.

To optimize MySQL slow query, slowquerylog and performance_schema need to be used: 1. Enable slowquerylog and set thresholds to record slow query; 2. Use performance_schema to analyze query execution details, find out performance bottlenecks and optimize.

MySQL and SQL are essential skills for developers. 1.MySQL is an open source relational database management system, and SQL is the standard language used to manage and operate databases. 2.MySQL supports multiple storage engines through efficient data storage and retrieval functions, and SQL completes complex data operations through simple statements. 3. Examples of usage include basic queries and advanced queries, such as filtering and sorting by condition. 4. Common errors include syntax errors and performance issues, which can be optimized by checking SQL statements and using EXPLAIN commands. 5. Performance optimization techniques include using indexes, avoiding full table scanning, optimizing JOIN operations and improving code readability.


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