Mysql研究之SQL语言的设计与编写完全解析 一、 SQL 语句分类 数据定义语言( DDL ): 用于定义和管理数据对象,包括数据库、数据表、视图、索引等。例如: CREATE 、 DROP 、 ALTER 等语句。 数据操作语言( DML ):【和表中的数据记录有关的语言】 用于操
Mysql研究之SQL语言的设计与编写完全解析一、SQL语句分类
数据定义语言(DDL):
用于定义和管理数据对象,包括数据库、数据表、视图、索引等。例如:CREATE、DROP、ALTER等语句。
数据操作语言(DML):【和表中的数据记录有关的语言】
用于操作数据库对象中所包含的数据。例如:INSERT、UPDATE、DELETE语句。
数据查询语言(DQL):
用于查询数据库对象中所包含的数据,能够进行单表查询、连接查询、嵌套查询,以及集合查询等各种复杂程度不同的数据库查询,并将数据返回到客户机中显示。例如:SELECT语句(占60%)。
数据控制语言(DCL):
是用来管理数据库的语言,包含管理权限及数据更改。例如:GRANT、REVOKE、COMMIT、ROLLBACK等语句。
二、SQL语句应用案例
1、DDL【可以按照以下格式写入一个文件,然后再粘贴到MySQL数据库中】
createtable if not exists cats (
idint not null auto_increment,
pidint not null default ’0′,
namevarchar(30) not null default ”,
desntext not null default ”,
primarykey(id),
indexname(name,pid)
);
createtable if not exists products(
idint not null auto_increment,
cidint not null default 0,
namevarchar(60) not null default ”,
pricedouble (7,2) not null default 0.00,
numint not null default 0,
desntext,
ptimeint not null default 0,
primarykey(id),
keypname(name,price)
);
2、DML
a)insert,插入表数据
insertinto 表名([字段列表])values(值列表),(值列表2),(值列表3),…,(值列表n);
特点:
1.如果在表名后没有给出字段列表,则值列表必须填充所有字段的值,必须按表中默认的顺序插入
2.所有需要写字段名的地方都不加单引号或双引号,但是建议所有值都要以字符形式使用
3.建议在插入数据时,最好给出字段列表,则值只要和字段列表一一对应即可,可以不按表中字段的顺序
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b)update表名 set字段=’值‘[,字段2='值2',...,字段n='值n'][条件]#条件指定需要更改的记录
e.g. updatecats set pid=’3′ where id=’1′;
updatecats set pid=’99′ where id >= ’1′ && id
c)deletefrom 表名 [条件]
deletefrom cats; #清空数据表
truncatecats; #也可以清空数据表,效率更高,truncate将…截断
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d)where条件
无论更新、删除、查找,只要写对条件就能准确找到要管理的一条或多条数据
【都可以使用各种运算符号,可以把字段当作一个变量来使用】
3、DQL【select】
SELECT[ALL | DISTINCT]
{*|table.*|[table.]field1[asalias1][,[table.]field2[as alias2]][.....]}
FROM 表名
[WHERE...]
[GROUPBY...]
[HAVING...]
[ORDERBY ...]
[LIMITcount]
使用SELECT查询语言,目的是可以按用户的想法将数据查出来,将结果返回!
SELECT[ALL | DISTINCT] #distinct 明显的,清楚的,有区别的
{*|table.*|[table.]field1[asalias1][,[table.]field2[as alias2]][.....]} #alias 别名,化名
FROM 表名
[WHERE...]
[GROUPBY...]
[HAVING...]
[ORDERBY ...]
[LIMITcount]
使用SELECT查询语言,目的是可以按用户的想法将数据查出来,将结果返回!
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1、字段要列出要查询的字段
e.g. selectname,price from products;
selectprice,name from products;
select* from products;
selectproducts.* from products; #单表其实不需要使用表名
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2、可以为每个字段起个别名【后面会用到(关键字,多表查询)】【表也可起别名(多表查询)】
e.g. selectname as bookname,price as bookprice from products;#使用别名;也可不加as;注意别名中有空格时,需要加单引号;
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3、使用distinct作用与整个记录,取消重复的数据,只返回一个,而不是单独的一列
e.g. selectdistinct price ‘book price’ from products;
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4、在SQL语句中使用表达式的列(可以使用算术运算符,条件运算符,逻辑运算符…)
游戏编程网www.cgzhw.com有详细的说明,这里就不再重复了。
5、WHERE可以在SELECT/UPDATE/DELETE中
a)可使用的逻辑运算符号(将多个条件组合)
&&/AND ||/OR !/NOT
b)可使用的比较运算符号
=#判断是否相等,与程序中的==作用相同
#判断是否相等,与=一致,但可以用于与NULL比较
!=/ #不等号
?
>
>=
c)程序中没有的运算符
ISNULL #与‘NULL’ 相等
ISNOT NULL
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BETWEENAND
e.g. select* from products where id between 10 and 20;
与 “select* from products where id >= 10 && id 作用相同
?
NOTBETWEEN AND
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IN
e.g. select* from products where id in(5,10,15,20);
updateproducts set num = 77 where id in(5,10,15,20);
deletefrom products where id in(5,10);
?
d)模糊查询
LIKE _(任意一个字符)和%(0个或多个任意字符)两个通配符号
e.g. select* from products where name like ‘______’; #查找任意名字为6个字符的数据
select* from products where name like ‘%java%’; #查询名字中包含有java的数据
?
NOTLIKE
e.g. select* from products where name not like ‘%java%’; #查询名字中不包含java字样的数据。
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REGEXP/RLIKE【正则表达式】 #RegExp 正则表达式
e.g. select* from products where name regexp ‘^java’; #查找所有以java开头的数据
select* from products where name regexp ‘s$’; #查找所有以s结尾的数据
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6、多表查询(连接查询),比较常用 #ambiguous
e.g. selectcats.name,products.name from cats,products;
selectc.name cname,c.desn cdesn,p.name pname,p.price,p.desn pdesn,p.numfrom carts c,products as p;#将A表中的记录与B表中的记录依次匹配,得到A*B种结果【笛卡尔乘积】,该结果是没有意义的。
selectc.name cname,c.desn cdesn,p.name pname,p.price,p.desn pdesn,p.numfrom carts c,products as p where c.id=p.cid;
selectc.name cname,c.desn cdesn,p.name pname,p.price,p.desn pdesn,p.numfrom carts c,products as p where c.id=p.cid and c.id=3;
selecta.id aid,a.name aname,b.id bid,b.name bname from cats a,catsb; #将单表分为多表,进行查询
selecta.id aid,a.name aname,b.id bid,b.name bname from cats a,cats b wherea.pid = b.id;
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7、嵌套查询子查询
e.g. select* from products where cid in(select id from carts where name regexp’^j’) ;
select* from products where cid in(select id from carts where name like’j%’); #作用相同
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8、orderby 字段 [asc正序]desc倒序
e.g. select* from order by name;
select* from order by price; #按价格非递减排序
select* from order by price desc; #非递增排序
select* from where cid > 5 order by price desc; #与where结合使用
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9、limitcount【限制显示个数】
e.g. select* from limit 7;
select* from order by id desc limit 7;
select* from where id
select* from where id > 14 order by id asc limit 0,1; #limit0,1表示从第0个开始取,取1个
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10、groupby 字段【分组】
常用函数:
count() #一个字段的总数
sum()
avg()#平均值
max()
min()
e.g. selectcount(*),sum(price),avg(price),max(price),min(price) from products;
selectcid,count(price),sum(price),avg(price),max(price),min (price) fromproducts group by cid;
selectcid,count(price),sum(price),avg(price),max(price),min (price) fromproducts group by cid having avg(price) > 50; #加having条件,与where类似
#having必须与gropby结合才能使用

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