search
HomeDatabaseMysql Tutorial通俗易懂的数据库设计三大范式

为了建立冗余较

为了建立冗余较小、结构合理的数据库,设计数据库时必须遵循一定的规则。在关系型数据库中这种规则就称为范式。范式是符合某一种设计要求的总结。要想设计一个结构合理的关系型数据库,必须满足一定的范式。

在实际开发中最为常见的设计范式有三个:

1.第一范式

第一范式是最基本的范式。如果数据库表中的所有字段值都是不可分解的原子值,就说明该数据库表满足了第一范式。

第一范式的合理遵循需要根据系统的实际需求来定。比如某些数据库系统中需要用到“地址”这个属性,本来直接将“地址”属性设计成一个数据库表的字段就行。但是如果系统经常会访问“地址”属性中的“城市”部分,那么就非要将“地址”这个属性重新拆分为省份、城市、详细地址等多个部分进行存储,这样在对地址中某一部分操作的时候将非常方便。这样设计才算满足了数据库的第一范式,如下表所示。?

用户信息表

编号 姓名 性别 年龄 联系电话 省份 城市 详细地址
1 张红欣 26 0378-23459876 河南 开封 朝阳区新华路23号
2 李四平 32 0751-65432584 广州 广东 白云区天明路148号
3 刘志国 21 0371-87659852 河南 郑州 二七区大学路198号
4 郭小明 27 0371-62556789 河南 郑州 新郑市薛店北街218号

上表所示的用户信息遵循了第一范式的要求,这样在对用户使用城市进行分类的时候就非常方便,也提高了数据库的性能。

2.第二范式

第二范式在第一范式的基础之上更进一层。第二范式需要确保数据库表中的每一列都和主键相关,而不能只与主键的某一部分相关(主要针对联合主键而言)。也就是说在一个数据库表中,一个表中只能保存一种数据,不可以把多种数据保存在同一张数据库表中。

比如要设计一个订单信息表,因为订单中可能会有多种商品,所以要将订单编号和商品编号作为数据库表的联合主键,如下表所示。

订单信息表

订单编号 商品编号 商品名称 数量 单位 价格 客户 所属单位 联系方式
001 1 挖掘机 1 1200000¥ 张三 上海玖智 020-1234567
001 2 冲击钻 8 230¥ 张三 上海玖智 020-1234567
002 3 铲车 2 980000¥ 李四 北京公司 010-1234567

这样就产生一个问题:这个表中是以订单编号和商品编号作为联合主键。这样在该表中商品名称、单位、商品价格等信息不与该表的主键相关,而仅仅是与商品编号相关。所以在这里违反了第二范式的设计原则。

而如果把这个订单信息表进行拆分,把商品信息分离到另一个表中,把订单项目表也分离到另一个表中,就非常完美了。如下所示。

订单信息表

订单编号 客户 所属单位 联系方式
001 张三 上海玖智 020-1234567
002 李四 北京公司 010-1234567

订单项目表

订单编号 商品编号 数量
001 1 1
001 2 8
002 3 2

商品信息表

商品编号 商品名称 单位 商品价格
1 挖掘机 1200000¥
2 冲击钻 230¥
3 铲车 980000¥

这样设计,在很大程度上减小了数据库的冗余。如果要获取订单的商品信息,使用商品编号到商品信息表中查询即可。

3.第三范式

第三范式需要确保数据表中的每一列数据都和主键直接相关,而不能间接相关。

比如在设计一个订单数据表的时候,可以将客户编号作为一个外键和订单表建立相应的关系。而不可以在订单表中添加关于客户其它信息(比如姓名、所属公司等)的字段。如下面这两个表所示的设计就是一个满足第三范式的数据库表。

订单信息表

订单编号 订单项目 负责人 业务员 订单数量 客户编号
001 挖掘机 刘明 李东明 1台 1
002 冲击钻 李刚 霍新峰 8个 2
003 铲车 郭新一 艾美丽 2辆 1

客户信息表

客户编号 客户名称 所属公司 联系方式
1 李聪 五一建设 13253661015
2 刘新明 个体经营 13285746958

这样在查询订单信息的时候,就可以使用客户编号来引用客户信息表中的记录,也不必在订单信息表中多次输入客户信息的内容,减小了数据冗余。

Statement
The content of this article is voluntarily contributed by netizens, and the copyright belongs to the original author. This site does not assume corresponding legal responsibility. If you find any content suspected of plagiarism or infringement, please contact admin@php.cn
What are stored procedures in MySQL?What are stored procedures in MySQL?May 01, 2025 am 12:27 AM

Stored procedures are precompiled SQL statements in MySQL for improving performance and simplifying complex operations. 1. Improve performance: After the first compilation, subsequent calls do not need to be recompiled. 2. Improve security: Restrict data table access through permission control. 3. Simplify complex operations: combine multiple SQL statements to simplify application layer logic.

How does query caching work in MySQL?How does query caching work in MySQL?May 01, 2025 am 12:26 AM

The working principle of MySQL query cache is to store the results of SELECT query, and when the same query is executed again, the cached results are directly returned. 1) Query cache improves database reading performance and finds cached results through hash values. 2) Simple configuration, set query_cache_type and query_cache_size in MySQL configuration file. 3) Use the SQL_NO_CACHE keyword to disable the cache of specific queries. 4) In high-frequency update environments, query cache may cause performance bottlenecks and needs to be optimized for use through monitoring and adjustment of parameters.

What are the advantages of using MySQL over other relational databases?What are the advantages of using MySQL over other relational databases?May 01, 2025 am 12:18 AM

The reasons why MySQL is widely used in various projects include: 1. High performance and scalability, supporting multiple storage engines; 2. Easy to use and maintain, simple configuration and rich tools; 3. Rich ecosystem, attracting a large number of community and third-party tool support; 4. Cross-platform support, suitable for multiple operating systems.

How do you handle database upgrades in MySQL?How do you handle database upgrades in MySQL?Apr 30, 2025 am 12:28 AM

The steps for upgrading MySQL database include: 1. Backup the database, 2. Stop the current MySQL service, 3. Install the new version of MySQL, 4. Start the new version of MySQL service, 5. Recover the database. Compatibility issues are required during the upgrade process, and advanced tools such as PerconaToolkit can be used for testing and optimization.

What are the different backup strategies you can use for MySQL?What are the different backup strategies you can use for MySQL?Apr 30, 2025 am 12:28 AM

MySQL backup policies include logical backup, physical backup, incremental backup, replication-based backup, and cloud backup. 1. Logical backup uses mysqldump to export database structure and data, which is suitable for small databases and version migrations. 2. Physical backups are fast and comprehensive by copying data files, but require database consistency. 3. Incremental backup uses binary logging to record changes, which is suitable for large databases. 4. Replication-based backup reduces the impact on the production system by backing up from the server. 5. Cloud backups such as AmazonRDS provide automation solutions, but costs and control need to be considered. When selecting a policy, database size, downtime tolerance, recovery time, and recovery point goals should be considered.

What is MySQL clustering?What is MySQL clustering?Apr 30, 2025 am 12:28 AM

MySQLclusteringenhancesdatabaserobustnessandscalabilitybydistributingdataacrossmultiplenodes.ItusestheNDBenginefordatareplicationandfaulttolerance,ensuringhighavailability.Setupinvolvesconfiguringmanagement,data,andSQLnodes,withcarefulmonitoringandpe

How do you optimize database schema design for performance in MySQL?How do you optimize database schema design for performance in MySQL?Apr 30, 2025 am 12:27 AM

Optimizing database schema design in MySQL can improve performance through the following steps: 1. Index optimization: Create indexes on common query columns, balancing the overhead of query and inserting updates. 2. Table structure optimization: Reduce data redundancy through normalization or anti-normalization and improve access efficiency. 3. Data type selection: Use appropriate data types, such as INT instead of VARCHAR, to reduce storage space. 4. Partitioning and sub-table: For large data volumes, use partitioning and sub-table to disperse data to improve query and maintenance efficiency.

How can you optimize MySQL performance?How can you optimize MySQL performance?Apr 30, 2025 am 12:26 AM

TooptimizeMySQLperformance,followthesesteps:1)Implementproperindexingtospeedupqueries,2)UseEXPLAINtoanalyzeandoptimizequeryperformance,3)Adjustserverconfigurationsettingslikeinnodb_buffer_pool_sizeandmax_connections,4)Usepartitioningforlargetablestoi

See all articles

Hot AI Tools

Undresser.AI Undress

Undresser.AI Undress

AI-powered app for creating realistic nude photos

AI Clothes Remover

AI Clothes Remover

Online AI tool for removing clothes from photos.

Undress AI Tool

Undress AI Tool

Undress images for free

Clothoff.io

Clothoff.io

AI clothes remover

Video Face Swap

Video Face Swap

Swap faces in any video effortlessly with our completely free AI face swap tool!

Hot Tools

ZendStudio 13.5.1 Mac

ZendStudio 13.5.1 Mac

Powerful PHP integrated development environment

WebStorm Mac version

WebStorm Mac version

Useful JavaScript development tools

Dreamweaver Mac version

Dreamweaver Mac version

Visual web development tools

MantisBT

MantisBT

Mantis is an easy-to-deploy web-based defect tracking tool designed to aid in product defect tracking. It requires PHP, MySQL and a web server. Check out our demo and hosting services.

SublimeText3 Mac version

SublimeText3 Mac version

God-level code editing software (SublimeText3)