一、 键值存储 它的数据是以键值的形式存储的,虽然它的速度非常快,但基本上只能通过键的完全一致查询获取数据,根据数据的保存方式可以分为临时性、永久性和两者兼具三种。 (1)临时性(memcached) 所谓临时性就是数据有可能丢失,memcached把所有数据都保存
一、 键值存储
它的数据是以键值的形式存储的,虽然它的速度非常快,但基本上只能通过键的完全一致查询获取数据,根据数据的保存方式可以分为临时性、永久性和两者兼具三种。
(1)临时性(memcached)
所谓临时性就是数据有可能丢失,,memcached把所有数据都保存在内存中,这样保存和读取的速度非常快,但是当memcached停止时,数据就不存在了。由于数据保存在内存中,所以无法操作超出内存容量的数据,旧数据会丢失。
总结来说:
1、在内存中保存数据
2、可以进行非常快速的保存和读取处理
3、数据有可能丢失
(2)永久性(ROMA、Tokyo Tyrant、Flare)
所谓永久性就是数据不会丢失,这里的键值存储是把数据保存在硬盘上,与临时性比起来,由于必然要发生对硬盘的IO操作,所以性能上还是有差距的,但数据不会丢失是它最大的优势。
总结来说:
1、在硬盘上保存数据
2、可以进行非常快速的保存和读取处理(但无法与memcached相比)
3、数据不会丢失
(3)两者兼备(Redis)
Redis有些特殊,临时性和永久性兼具。Redis首先把数据保存在内存中,在满足特定条件(默认是 15分钟一次以上,5分钟内10个以上,1分钟内10000个以上的键发生变更)的时候将数据写入到硬盘中,这样既确保了内存中数据的处理速度,又可以通过写入硬盘来保证数据的永久性,这种类型的数据库特别适合处理数组类型的数据。
总结来说:
同时在内存和硬盘上保存数据
1、可以进行非常快速的保存和读取处理
2、保存在硬盘上的数据不会消失(可以恢复)
3、适合于处理数组类型的数据
二、面向文档的数据库(MongoDB、CouchDB)
(1)不定义表结构
即使不定义表结构,也可以像定义了表结构一样使用,还省去了变更表结构的麻烦。
(2)可以使用复杂的查询条件
跟键值存储不同的是,面向文档的数据库可以通过复杂的查询条件来获取数据,虽然不具备事务处理和Join这些关系型数据库所具有的处理能力,但初次以外的其他处理基本上都能实现。
三、 面向列的数据库(Cassandra、HBase、HyperTabl)
由于近年来数据量出现爆发性增长,这种类型的NoSQL数据库尤其引入注目。
普通的关系型数据库都是以行为单位来存储数据的,擅长以行为单位的读入处理,比如特定条件数据的获取。因此,关系型数据库也被成为面向行的数据库。相反,面向列的数据库是以列为单位来存储数据的,擅长以列为单位读入数据。

InnoDB uses redologs and undologs to ensure data consistency and reliability. 1.redologs record data page modification to ensure crash recovery and transaction persistence. 2.undologs records the original data value and supports transaction rollback and MVCC.

Key metrics for EXPLAIN commands include type, key, rows, and Extra. 1) The type reflects the access type of the query. The higher the value, the higher the efficiency, such as const is better than ALL. 2) The key displays the index used, and NULL indicates no index. 3) rows estimates the number of scanned rows, affecting query performance. 4) Extra provides additional information, such as Usingfilesort prompts that it needs to be optimized.

Usingtemporary indicates that the need to create temporary tables in MySQL queries, which are commonly found in ORDERBY using DISTINCT, GROUPBY, or non-indexed columns. You can avoid the occurrence of indexes and rewrite queries and improve query performance. Specifically, when Usingtemporary appears in EXPLAIN output, it means that MySQL needs to create temporary tables to handle queries. This usually occurs when: 1) deduplication or grouping when using DISTINCT or GROUPBY; 2) sort when ORDERBY contains non-index columns; 3) use complex subquery or join operations. Optimization methods include: 1) ORDERBY and GROUPB

MySQL/InnoDB supports four transaction isolation levels: ReadUncommitted, ReadCommitted, RepeatableRead and Serializable. 1.ReadUncommitted allows reading of uncommitted data, which may cause dirty reading. 2. ReadCommitted avoids dirty reading, but non-repeatable reading may occur. 3.RepeatableRead is the default level, avoiding dirty reading and non-repeatable reading, but phantom reading may occur. 4. Serializable avoids all concurrency problems but reduces concurrency. Choosing the appropriate isolation level requires balancing data consistency and performance requirements.

MySQL is suitable for web applications and content management systems and is popular for its open source, high performance and ease of use. 1) Compared with PostgreSQL, MySQL performs better in simple queries and high concurrent read operations. 2) Compared with Oracle, MySQL is more popular among small and medium-sized enterprises because of its open source and low cost. 3) Compared with Microsoft SQL Server, MySQL is more suitable for cross-platform applications. 4) Unlike MongoDB, MySQL is more suitable for structured data and transaction processing.

MySQL index cardinality has a significant impact on query performance: 1. High cardinality index can more effectively narrow the data range and improve query efficiency; 2. Low cardinality index may lead to full table scanning and reduce query performance; 3. In joint index, high cardinality sequences should be placed in front to optimize query.

The MySQL learning path includes basic knowledge, core concepts, usage examples, and optimization techniques. 1) Understand basic concepts such as tables, rows, columns, and SQL queries. 2) Learn the definition, working principles and advantages of MySQL. 3) Master basic CRUD operations and advanced usage, such as indexes and stored procedures. 4) Familiar with common error debugging and performance optimization suggestions, such as rational use of indexes and optimization queries. Through these steps, you will have a full grasp of the use and optimization of MySQL.

MySQL's real-world applications include basic database design and complex query optimization. 1) Basic usage: used to store and manage user data, such as inserting, querying, updating and deleting user information. 2) Advanced usage: Handle complex business logic, such as order and inventory management of e-commerce platforms. 3) Performance optimization: Improve performance by rationally using indexes, partition tables and query caches.


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