3、round函数 ROUND(number, num_digits) 将number四舍五入到只有num_digits个小数位。 4、lpad、rpad函数 lpad()函数的用法: lpad函数将左边的字符串填充一些特定的字符其语法格式如下: lpad(string,n,[pad_string]) string:可是字符或者参数 n:字符的
3、round函数 ROUND(number, num_digits) 将number四舍五入到只有num_digits个小数位。 4、lpad、rpad函数 lpad()函数的用法: lpad函数将左边的字符串填充一些特定的字符其语法格式如下: lpad(string,n,[pad_string]) string:可是字符或者参数 n:字符的长度,是返回的字符串的数量,如果这个数量比原字符串的长度要短,lpad函数将会把字符串截取成从左到右的n个字符; pad_string:是个可选参数,这个字符串是要粘贴到string的左边,如果这个参数未写,lpad函数将会在string的左边粘贴空格。 例如: lpad('tech', 7); 将返回' tech' lpad('tech', 2); 将返回'te' lpad('tech', 8, '0'); 将返回'0000tech' lpad('tech on the net', 15, 'z'); 将返回'tech on the net' lpad('tech on the net', 16, 'z'); 将返回'ztech on the net' rpad()函数的用法: rpad函数将右边的字符串填充一些特定的字符其语法格式如下: rpad(string,n,[pad_string]) string:可是字符或者参数 n:字符的长度,是返回的字符串的数量,如果这个数量比原字符串的长度要短,lpad函数将会把字符串截取成从左到右的n个字符; pad_string:是个可选参数,这个字符串是要粘贴到string的右边,如果这个参数未写,lpad函数将会在string的右边粘贴空格。 例如: rpad('tech', 7); 将返回' tech' rpad('tech', 2); 将返回'te' rpad('tech', 8, '0'); 将返回'tech0000' rpad('tech on the net', 15, 'z'); 将返回'tech on the net' rpad('tech on the net', 16, 'z'); 将返回'tech on the netz' 5、ltrim、rtrim函数 ltrim(x,y) 函数是按照y中的字符一个一个截掉x中的字符,,并且是从左边开始执行的,只要遇到y中有的字符, x中的字符都会被截掉, 直到在x的字符中遇到y中没有的字符为止函数命令才结束 .函数将109当成了三个字符以1,0,9在字符串开始直道出现不为1,0,9这三个字符中的任意一个开始截取;
SELECT LTRIM('1092002081100058424', '109') FROM dual
UNION ALL
SELECT LTRIM('1091000000002671251', '109') FROM dual
UNION ALL
SELECT LTRIM('1000000002671251', '1') FROM dual
UNION ALL
SELECT LTRIM('1000000002671251', '10') FROM dual
结果如下:
1 2002081100058424
2 2671251
3 000000002671251
4 2671251
RTRIM(,)的意思是:
首先从字符串'c1'右边查找'c2'中的任意字符,此例为'w','q',直到'wfrqqww'右边不为'w'和'q'字符为止
SELECT RTRIM ('wfrqqww', 'qq') FROM DUAL查询出来的数据是wfr,
6、instr instr函数返回要截取的字符串在源字符串中的位置。 语法如下:
instr( string1, string2, start_position,nth_appearance ) [1] [2]
string1 源字符串,要在此字符串中查找。
string2 要在string1中查找的字符串 。
start_position 代表string1 的哪个位置开始查找。此参数可选,如果省略默认为1. 字符串索引从1开始。如果此参数为正,从左到右开始检索,如果此参数为负,从右到左检索,返回要查找的字符串在源字符串中的开始索引。
nth_appearance 代表要查找第几次出现的string2. 此参数可选,如果省略,默认为 1.如果为负数系统会报错。
注意:
位置索引号从1开始。
如果String2在String1中没有找到,instr函数返回0。
示例:
SELECT instr('syranmo','s') FROM dual; -- 返回 1
SELECT instr('syranmo','ra') FROM dual; -- 返回 3
SELECT instr('syran mo','a',1,2) FROM dual; -- 返回 0 7、substr
substr(字符串,截取开始位置,截取长度) //返回截取的字
substr('Hello World',0,1) //返回结果为 'H' *从字符串第一个字符开始截取长度为1的字符串
substr('Hello World',1,1) //返回结果为 'H' *0和1都是表示截取的开始位置为第一个字符
substr('Hello World',2,4) //返回结果为 'ello'
substr('Hello World',-3,3)//返回结果为 'rld' *负数(-i)表示截取的开始位置为字符串右端向左数第i个字符

InnoDB uses redologs and undologs to ensure data consistency and reliability. 1.redologs record data page modification to ensure crash recovery and transaction persistence. 2.undologs records the original data value and supports transaction rollback and MVCC.

Key metrics for EXPLAIN commands include type, key, rows, and Extra. 1) The type reflects the access type of the query. The higher the value, the higher the efficiency, such as const is better than ALL. 2) The key displays the index used, and NULL indicates no index. 3) rows estimates the number of scanned rows, affecting query performance. 4) Extra provides additional information, such as Usingfilesort prompts that it needs to be optimized.

Usingtemporary indicates that the need to create temporary tables in MySQL queries, which are commonly found in ORDERBY using DISTINCT, GROUPBY, or non-indexed columns. You can avoid the occurrence of indexes and rewrite queries and improve query performance. Specifically, when Usingtemporary appears in EXPLAIN output, it means that MySQL needs to create temporary tables to handle queries. This usually occurs when: 1) deduplication or grouping when using DISTINCT or GROUPBY; 2) sort when ORDERBY contains non-index columns; 3) use complex subquery or join operations. Optimization methods include: 1) ORDERBY and GROUPB

MySQL/InnoDB supports four transaction isolation levels: ReadUncommitted, ReadCommitted, RepeatableRead and Serializable. 1.ReadUncommitted allows reading of uncommitted data, which may cause dirty reading. 2. ReadCommitted avoids dirty reading, but non-repeatable reading may occur. 3.RepeatableRead is the default level, avoiding dirty reading and non-repeatable reading, but phantom reading may occur. 4. Serializable avoids all concurrency problems but reduces concurrency. Choosing the appropriate isolation level requires balancing data consistency and performance requirements.

MySQL is suitable for web applications and content management systems and is popular for its open source, high performance and ease of use. 1) Compared with PostgreSQL, MySQL performs better in simple queries and high concurrent read operations. 2) Compared with Oracle, MySQL is more popular among small and medium-sized enterprises because of its open source and low cost. 3) Compared with Microsoft SQL Server, MySQL is more suitable for cross-platform applications. 4) Unlike MongoDB, MySQL is more suitable for structured data and transaction processing.

MySQL index cardinality has a significant impact on query performance: 1. High cardinality index can more effectively narrow the data range and improve query efficiency; 2. Low cardinality index may lead to full table scanning and reduce query performance; 3. In joint index, high cardinality sequences should be placed in front to optimize query.

The MySQL learning path includes basic knowledge, core concepts, usage examples, and optimization techniques. 1) Understand basic concepts such as tables, rows, columns, and SQL queries. 2) Learn the definition, working principles and advantages of MySQL. 3) Master basic CRUD operations and advanced usage, such as indexes and stored procedures. 4) Familiar with common error debugging and performance optimization suggestions, such as rational use of indexes and optimization queries. Through these steps, you will have a full grasp of the use and optimization of MySQL.

MySQL's real-world applications include basic database design and complex query optimization. 1) Basic usage: used to store and manage user data, such as inserting, querying, updating and deleting user information. 2) Advanced usage: Handle complex business logic, such as order and inventory management of e-commerce platforms. 3) Performance optimization: Improve performance by rationally using indexes, partition tables and query caches.


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