严格来说,Having并不需要一个子表,但没有子表的Having并没有实际意义。如果你只需要一个表,那么你可以用Where子句达到一切目的。为进行实践,Having预先假定至少两个表和一个基于第二个表的合计函数。 下面是一个简单的例子:你想要订单总数超过25000美元
严格来说,Having并不需要一个子表,但没有子表的Having并没有实际意义。如果你只需要一个表,那么你可以用Where子句达到一切目的。为进行实践,Having预先假定至少两个表和一个基于第二个表的合计函数。
下面是一个简单的例子:你想要订单总数超过25000美元的客户清单。你需要适当连接的三个表:Customer、SalesOrderHeader和SalesOrderDetail。然后,你求Detail的和,并将总数与25000美元进行比较。查看列表A。
查看列表A中的代码时,有一件事情并不明显,即LineTotal列被计算。你可以像求实际的列的和一样求出已计算列的和。但是,你不能在同一个操作中执行两个不同层次的合计函数。
SELECT
Sales.Customer.CustomerID,
Sales.SalesOrderHeader.SalesOrderID,
SUM(Sales.SalesOrderDetail.LineTotal)
AS SubTotalFROM
Sales.Customer
INNER JOIN Sales.SalesOrderHeader
ON Sales.SalesOrderHeader.Customer
ID = Sales.Customer.CustomerID
INNER JOIN Sales.SalesOrderDetail
ON Sales.SalesOrderDetail.SalesOrder
ID = Sales.SalesOrderHeader.SalesOrderIDGROUP BY
Sales.Customer.CustomerID,
Sales.SalesOrderHeader.SalesOrder
IDHAVING SUM(LineTotal) > 25000.00ORDER BY
Sales.Customer.CustomerID,
SalesOrderID ;列表A:
假设你希望知道所有客户的平均销售额。你可以使用列表B中的代码,它返回如下错误信息:
SELECT
Sales.SalesOrderHeader.SalesOrderID,
AVG(SUM(Sales.SalesOrderDetail.LineTotal))
AS AverageFROM
Sales.SalesOrderHeader
INNER JOIN Sales.SalesOrderDetail
ON Sales.SalesOrderDetail.SalesOrder
ID = Sales.SalesOrderHeader.SalesOrder
IDGROUP BY
Sales.SalesOrderHeader.SalesOrderID列表B:
Msg 130, Level 15, State 1, Line 1
Cannot perform an aggregate function on an expression
containing an aggregate or a subquery.错误信息:
你可以将平均值的计算过程进行分解来解决这个问题。你可以将第一部分(SUM)编写成一个表值UDF,如列表C所示。你可以根据列表D中的函数计算平均值。列表E说明你如何能够进行组合。
USE [AdventureWorks]
GO
/****** Object: UserDefinedFunction
[dbo].[SalesTotals_fnt]
Script Date: 12/09/2006 11:32:54 ******/
SET ANSI_NULLS ON
GO
SET QUOTED_IDENTIFIER ON
GO
CREATE FUNCTION [dbo].[SalesTotals_fnt]()
RETURNS TABLE
AS RETURN
(SELECT SalesOrderID,
SUM(LineTotal)AS TotalSale
FROM Sales.SalesOrderDetail
GROUP BY Sales.SalesOrderDetail.SalesOrderID)列表C:
CREATE FUNCTION [dbo].[AverageSale_fns] (
-- Add the parameters for the function here
-- )RETURNS money
ASBEGIN
-- Declare the return variable here
DECLARE @Result money
-- Add the T-SQL statements to compute the return value here
SET @Result =(SELECTAvg(TotalSale)AS AverageSale
FROM dbo.SalesTotals_fnt())
-- Return the result of the function
RETURN @Result
END列表D:
DECLARE @Avg moneySELECT @Avg = dbo.AverageSale_fns()
SELECT *, @Avg as Average,
TotalSale / @Avg as Ratio, CASE
WHEN TotalSale / @Avg > 1 THEN 'Above Average'
WHEN TotalSale / @Avg
ELSE 'Average' END
FROM dbo.SalesTotals_fnt()列表E:
现在你知道了如何根据一个子表使用Having子句来测试合计值。当你需要在一个查询中使用两个不同的合计函数时,,最好是把它们分解成单独的函数,然后再进行组合(如前一个例子所说明的)。

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MySQL is not only a database management system (DBMS) but also closely related to programming languages. 1) As a DBMS, MySQL is used to store, organize and retrieve data, and optimizing indexes can improve query performance. 2) Combining SQL with programming languages, embedded in Python, using ORM tools such as SQLAlchemy can simplify operations. 3) Performance optimization includes indexing, querying, caching, library and table division and transaction management.

MySQL uses SQL commands to manage data. 1. Basic commands include SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE and DELETE. 2. Advanced usage involves JOIN, subquery and aggregate functions. 3. Common errors include syntax, logic and performance issues. 4. Optimization tips include using indexes, avoiding SELECT* and using LIMIT.

MySQL is an efficient relational database management system suitable for storing and managing data. Its advantages include high-performance queries, flexible transaction processing and rich data types. In practical applications, MySQL is often used in e-commerce platforms, social networks and content management systems, but attention should be paid to performance optimization, data security and scalability.

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InnoDB uses redologs and undologs to ensure data consistency and reliability. 1.redologs record data page modification to ensure crash recovery and transaction persistence. 2.undologs records the original data value and supports transaction rollback and MVCC.

Key metrics for EXPLAIN commands include type, key, rows, and Extra. 1) The type reflects the access type of the query. The higher the value, the higher the efficiency, such as const is better than ALL. 2) The key displays the index used, and NULL indicates no index. 3) rows estimates the number of scanned rows, affecting query performance. 4) Extra provides additional information, such as Usingfilesort prompts that it needs to be optimized.

Usingtemporary indicates that the need to create temporary tables in MySQL queries, which are commonly found in ORDERBY using DISTINCT, GROUPBY, or non-indexed columns. You can avoid the occurrence of indexes and rewrite queries and improve query performance. Specifically, when Usingtemporary appears in EXPLAIN output, it means that MySQL needs to create temporary tables to handle queries. This usually occurs when: 1) deduplication or grouping when using DISTINCT or GROUPBY; 2) sort when ORDERBY contains non-index columns; 3) use complex subquery or join operations. Optimization methods include: 1) ORDERBY and GROUPB


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