1、前言 MySQL 是完全网络化的跨平台关系型数据库系统,同时是具有客户机/服务器体系结构的分布式数据库管理系统。它具有功能强、使用简便、管理方便、运行速度快、安全可靠性强等优点,用户可利用许多语言编写访问MySQL 数据库的程序,特别是与PHP更是黄金
1、前言
MySQL 是完全网络化的跨平台关系型数据库系统,同时是具有客户机/服务器体系结构的分布式数据库管理系统。它具有功能强、使用简便、管理方便、运行速度快、安全可靠性强等优点,用户可利用许多语言编写访问MySQL 数据库的程序,特别是与PHP更是黄金组合,运用十分广泛。
由于MySQL是多平台的数据库,它的默认配置要考虑各种情况下都能适用,所以在我们自己的使用环境下应该进行进一步的安全加固。作为一个MySQL的系统管理员,我们有责任维护MySQL数据库系统的数据安全性和完整性。
MySQL数据库的安全配置必须从两个方面入手,系统内部安全和外部网络安全,另外我们还将简单介绍编程时要注意的一些问题以及一些小窍门。
2、系统内部安全
首先简单介绍一下MySQL数据库目录结构。MySQL安装好,运行了mysql_db_install脚本以后就会建立数据目录和初始化数据库。如果我们用MySQL源码包安装,而且安装目录是/usr/local/mysql,那么数据目录一般会是/usr/local/mysql/var。数据库系统由一系列数据库组成,每个数据库包含一系列数据库表。MySQL是用数据库名在数据目录建立建立一个数据库目录,,各数据库表分别以数据库表名作为文件名,扩展名分别为MYD、MYI、frm的三个文件放到数据库目录中。
MySQL的授权表给数据库的访问提供了灵活的权限控制,但是如果本地用户拥有对库文件的读权限的话,攻击者只需把数据库目录打包拷走,然后拷到自己本机的数据目录下就能访问窃取的数据库。所以MySQL所在的主机的安全性是最首要的问题,如果主机不安全,被攻击者控制,那么MySQL的安全性也无从谈起。其次就是数据目录和数据文件的安全性,也就是权限设置问题。
从MySQL主站一些老的binary发行版来看,3.21.xx版本中数据目录的属性是775,这样非常危险,任何本地用户都可以读数据目录,所以数据库文件很不安全。3.22.xx版本中数据目录的属性是770,这种属性也有些危险,本地的同组用户既能读也能写,所以数据文件也不安全。3.23.xx版本数据目录的属性是700,这样就比较好,只有启动数据库的用户可以读写数据库文件,保证了本地数据文件的安全。
如果启动MySQL数据库的用户是mysql,那么象如下的目录和文件的是安全的,请注意数据目录及下面的属性:
shell>ls -l /usr/local/mysql
total 40
drwxrwxr-x 2 root root 4096 Feb 27 20:07 bin
drwxrwxr-x 3 root root 4096 Feb 27 20:07 include
drwxrwxr-x 2 root root 4096 Feb 27 20:07 info drwxrwxr-x 3 root root 4096 Feb 27 20:07 lib drwxrwxr-x 2 root root 4096 Feb 27 20:07 libexec drwxrwxr-x 3 root root 4096 Feb 27 20:07 man drwxrwxr-x 6 root root 4096 Feb 27 20:07 mysql-test drwxrwxr-x 3 root root 4096 Feb 27 20:07 share drwxrwxr-x 7 root root 4096 Feb 27 20:07 sql-bench drwx------ 4 mysql mysql 4096 Feb 27 20:07 var
shell>ls -l /usr/local/mysql/var
total 8
drwx------ 2 mysql mysql 4096 Feb 27 20:08 mysql
drwx------ 2 mysql mysql 4096 Feb 27 20:08 test
shell>ls -l /usr/local/mysql/var/mysql
total 104
-rw------- 1 mysql mysql 0 Feb 27 20:08 columns_priv.MYD
-rw------- 1 mysql mysql 1024 Feb 27 20:08 columns_priv.MYI
-rw------- 1 mysql mysql 8778 Feb 27 20:08 columns_priv.frm
-rw------- 1 mysql mysql 302 Feb 27 20:08 db.MYD
-rw------- 1 mysql mysql 3072 Feb 27 20:08 db.MYI
-rw------- 1 mysql mysql 8982 Feb 27 20:08 db.frm
-rw------- 1 mysql mysql 0 Feb 27 20:08 func.MYD
-rw------- 1 mysql mysql 1024 Feb 27 20:08 func.MYI
-rw------- 1 mysql mysql 8641 Feb 27 20:08 func.frm
-rw------- 1 mysql mysql 0 Feb 27 20:08 host.MYD
-rw------- 1 mysql mysql 1024 Feb 27 20:08 host.MYI
-rw------- 1 mysql mysql 8958 Feb 27 20:08 host.frm
-rw------- 1 mysql mysql 0 Feb 27 20:08 tables_priv.MYD
-rw------- 1 mysql mysql 1024 Feb 27 20:08 tables_priv.MYI
-rw------- 1 mysql mysql 8877 Feb 27 20:08 tables_priv.frm
-rw------- 1 mysql mysql 428 Feb 27 20:08 user.MYD
-rw------- 1 mysql mysql 2048 Feb 27 20:08 user.MYI
-rw------- 1 mysql mysql 9148 Feb 27 20:08 user.frm
如果这些文件的属主及属性不是这样,请用以下两个命令修正之:
shell>chown -R mysql.mysql /usr/local/mysql/var
shell>chmod -R go-rwx /usr/local/mysql/var

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