[MySQL] 字符集和排序方式 字符串类型 MySQL的字符串分为两大类: 1)二进制字符串:即一串字节序列,对字节的解释不涉及字符集,因此它没有字符集和排序方式的概念 2)非二进制字符串:由字符构成的序列,字符集用来解释字符串的内容,排序方式决定字符的大
[MySQL] 字符集和排序方式字符串类型
MySQL的字符串分为两大类:
1)二进制字符串:即一串字节序列,对字节的解释不涉及字符集,因此它没有字符集和排序方式的概念
2)非二进制字符串:由字符构成的序列,字符集用来解释字符串的内容,排序方式决定字符的大小
字符集和排序方式
字符集和排序方式的关系是这样的:一个字符集可以有一个或多个排序方式,有一个默认的排序方式,我们可以通过以下例子说明:
mysql> show character set like '%gbk%'; +---------+------------------------+-------------------+--------+ | Charset | Description | Default collation | Maxlen | +---------+------------------------+-------------------+--------+ | gbk | GBK Simplified Chinese | gbk_chinese_ci | 2 | +---------+------------------------+-------------------+--------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> show collation like '%gbk%'; +----------------+---------+----+---------+----------+---------+ | Collation | Charset | Id | Default | Compiled | Sortlen | +----------------+---------+----+---------+----------+---------+ | gbk_chinese_ci | gbk | 28 | Yes | Yes | 1 | | gbk_bin | gbk | 87 | | Yes | 1 | +----------------+---------+----+---------+----------+---------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)从上例中我们可以看出字符集gbk有两个排序方式(分别为gbk_chinese_ci何gbk_bin),其中默认的排序方式为gbk_chinese_ci。
排序方式的命名规则为:字符集名字_语言_后缀,其中各个典型后缀的含义如下:
1)_ci:不区分大小写的排序方式
2)_cs:区分大小写的排序方式
3)_bin:二进制排序方式,大小比较将根据字符编码,不涉及人类语言,因此_bin的排序方式不包含人类语言
因此,gbk_chinese_ci排序方式就表示:字符集为gbk,人类语言使用中文来比较大小,比较时区分大小写。
常用函数
字符集引导
字符集引导可以让MySQL指定一种字符集来解释字符常量,其语法为:
_charset str
如:
_utf8 'ABCD' 表示以utf8字符集来介绍字符串常量'ABCD'
字符集转换
convert()函数可以把一个字符串转换成指定字符集,其语法为:
convert(str using charset)
如 convert('ABCD' using utf8) 表示把'ABCD'的字符集转换成uft8
length()函数 --返回字节的长度
char_length() --返回字符长度
与字符集有关的系统变量
通过以下语句可以查看与字符集有关的系统变量:mysql> show variables like 'character\_set\_%'; +--------------------------+--------+ | Variable_name | Value | +--------------------------+--------+ | character_set_client | latin1 | | character_set_connection | latin1 | | character_set_database | gbk | | character_set_filesystem | binary | | character_set_results | latin1 | | character_set_server | gbk | | character_set_system | utf8 | +--------------------------+--------+ 7 rows in set (0.01 sec) mysql> show variables like 'collation\_%'; +----------------------+-------------------+ | Variable_name | Value | +----------------------+-------------------+ | collation_connection | latin1_swedish_ci | | collation_database | gbk_chinese_ci | | collation_server | gbk_chinese_ci | +----------------------+-------------------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec)它们的含义如下: character_set_system:MySQL数据库标识符使用的字符集,永远是utf8 character_set_server和collation_server:服务器的默认字符集和排序方式 character_set_database和collation_database:当前数据库的默认字符集和排序方式
以下三个变量将影响客户端和服务器之间的通信: character_set_client:客户端向服务器发送SQL语句使用的字符集
character_set_results:服务器向客户端返回结果时使用的字符集
character_set_connection:如果它和character_set_client不同,从客户端发来的SQL语句将转换为它指定的字符集 默认情况下,上述三个变量都设为为相同的值,如果某个客户端想使用另一种字符集与服务器通信,可以修改它们,如:
set character_set_client = utf8; set character_set_results = utf8; set character_set_connection = utf8;或者,更简单的方法是使用如下一条语句也能达到相同的效果:
set names 'utf8';

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