search
HomeDatabaseMysql Tutorial详解 SQL 对集合的操作:交、差、并

我认为Ligaya Turmelle的关于SQL联合(join)语句的帖子对于新开发者来说是份很好的材料。SQL 联合语句好像是基于集合的,用韦恩图来解释咋一看是很自然而然的。不过正如在她的帖子的回复中所说的,在测试中我发现韦恩图并不是十分的匹配SQL联合语法。 不过

我认为Ligaya Turmelle的关于SQL联合(join)语句的帖子对于新开发者来说是份很好的材料。SQL 联合语句好像是基于集合的,用韦恩图来解释咋一看是很自然而然的。不过正如在她的帖子的回复中所说的,在测试中我发现韦恩图并不是十分的匹配SQL联合语法。

不过我还是喜欢这个观点,所以我们来看看能不能用上韦恩图。假设我们有下面两张表。表A在左边,表B在右边。我们给它们各四条记录。

1 2 3 4 5 6 id name       id  name -- ----       --  ---- 1  Pirate     1   Rutabaga 2  Monkey     2   Pirate 3  Ninja      3   Darth Vader 4  Spaghetti  4   Ninja

我们用过name字段用几种不同方式把这些表联合起来,看能否得到和那些漂亮的韦恩图在概念上的匹配。

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 SELECT * FROM TableA INNER JOIN TableB ON TableA.name = TableB.name   id  name       id   name --  ----       --   ---- 1   Pirate     2    Pirate 3   Ninja      4    Ninja

内联合(inner join)只生成同时匹配表A和表B的记录集。(如下图):交集

inner join

——————————————————————————-

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 SELECT * FROM TableA FULL OUTER JOIN TableB ON TableA.name = TableB.name   id    name       id    name --    ----       --    ---- 1     Pirate     2     Pirate 2     Monkey     null  null 3     Ninja      4     Ninja 4     Spaghetti  null  null null  null       1     Rutabaga       null  null       3     Darth Vader

全外联合(full outer join)生成表A和表B里的记录全集,包括两边都匹配的记录。如果有一边没有匹配的,缺失的这一边为null。(如下图):并集

Full outer join

——————————————————————————-

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 SELECT * FROM TableA LEFT OUTER JOIN TableB ON TableA.name = TableB.name   id  name       id    name --  ----       --    ---- 1   Pirate     2     Pirate 2   Monkey     null  null 3   Ninja      4     Ninja 4   Spaghetti  null  null

左外联合(left outer join)生成表A的所有记录,包括在表B里匹配的记录。如果没有匹配的,右边将是null。(如下图)

Left outer join

——————————————————————————-

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 SELECT * FROM TableA LEFT OUTER JOIN TableB ON TableA.name = TableB.name WHERE TableB.id IS null   id  name       id     name --  ----       --     ---- 2   Monkey     null   null 4   Spaghetti  null   null

为了生成只在表A里而不在表B里的记录集,我们用同样的左外联合,然后用where语句排除我们不想要的记录。(如下图):差集

——————————————————————————-

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 SELECT * FROM TableA FULL OUTER JOIN TableB ON TableA.name = TableB.name WHERE TableA.id IS null OR TableB.id IS null   id    name       id    name --    ----       --    ---- 2     Monkey     null  null 4     Spaghetti  null  null null  null       1     Rutabaga null  null       3     Darth Vader

为了生成对于表A和表B唯一的记录集,我们用同样的全外联合,然后用where语句排除两边都不想要的记录。(如下图)

 

———————————————————–

 

还有一种笛卡尔积或者交叉联合(cross join),据我所知不能用韦恩图表示:

1 2 SELECT * FROM TableA CROSS JOIN TableB

 

这个把“所有”联接到“所有”,产生4乘4=16行,远多于原始的集合。如果你学过数学,你便知道为什么这个联合遇上大型的表很危险。

Statement
The content of this article is voluntarily contributed by netizens, and the copyright belongs to the original author. This site does not assume corresponding legal responsibility. If you find any content suspected of plagiarism or infringement, please contact admin@php.cn
MySQL: Essential Skills for Beginners to MasterMySQL: Essential Skills for Beginners to MasterApr 18, 2025 am 12:24 AM

MySQL is suitable for beginners to learn database skills. 1. Install MySQL server and client tools. 2. Understand basic SQL queries, such as SELECT. 3. Master data operations: create tables, insert, update, and delete data. 4. Learn advanced skills: subquery and window functions. 5. Debugging and optimization: Check syntax, use indexes, avoid SELECT*, and use LIMIT.

MySQL: Structured Data and Relational DatabasesMySQL: Structured Data and Relational DatabasesApr 18, 2025 am 12:22 AM

MySQL efficiently manages structured data through table structure and SQL query, and implements inter-table relationships through foreign keys. 1. Define the data format and type when creating a table. 2. Use foreign keys to establish relationships between tables. 3. Improve performance through indexing and query optimization. 4. Regularly backup and monitor databases to ensure data security and performance optimization.

MySQL: Key Features and Capabilities ExplainedMySQL: Key Features and Capabilities ExplainedApr 18, 2025 am 12:17 AM

MySQL is an open source relational database management system that is widely used in Web development. Its key features include: 1. Supports multiple storage engines, such as InnoDB and MyISAM, suitable for different scenarios; 2. Provides master-slave replication functions to facilitate load balancing and data backup; 3. Improve query efficiency through query optimization and index use.

The Purpose of SQL: Interacting with MySQL DatabasesThe Purpose of SQL: Interacting with MySQL DatabasesApr 18, 2025 am 12:12 AM

SQL is used to interact with MySQL database to realize data addition, deletion, modification, inspection and database design. 1) SQL performs data operations through SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE statements; 2) Use CREATE, ALTER, DROP statements for database design and management; 3) Complex queries and data analysis are implemented through SQL to improve business decision-making efficiency.

MySQL for Beginners: Getting Started with Database ManagementMySQL for Beginners: Getting Started with Database ManagementApr 18, 2025 am 12:10 AM

The basic operations of MySQL include creating databases, tables, and using SQL to perform CRUD operations on data. 1. Create a database: CREATEDATABASEmy_first_db; 2. Create a table: CREATETABLEbooks(idINTAUTO_INCREMENTPRIMARYKEY, titleVARCHAR(100)NOTNULL, authorVARCHAR(100)NOTNULL, published_yearINT); 3. Insert data: INSERTINTObooks(title, author, published_year)VA

MySQL's Role: Databases in Web ApplicationsMySQL's Role: Databases in Web ApplicationsApr 17, 2025 am 12:23 AM

The main role of MySQL in web applications is to store and manage data. 1.MySQL efficiently processes user information, product catalogs, transaction records and other data. 2. Through SQL query, developers can extract information from the database to generate dynamic content. 3.MySQL works based on the client-server model to ensure acceptable query speed.

MySQL: Building Your First DatabaseMySQL: Building Your First DatabaseApr 17, 2025 am 12:22 AM

The steps to build a MySQL database include: 1. Create a database and table, 2. Insert data, and 3. Conduct queries. First, use the CREATEDATABASE and CREATETABLE statements to create the database and table, then use the INSERTINTO statement to insert the data, and finally use the SELECT statement to query the data.

MySQL: A Beginner-Friendly Approach to Data StorageMySQL: A Beginner-Friendly Approach to Data StorageApr 17, 2025 am 12:21 AM

MySQL is suitable for beginners because it is easy to use and powerful. 1.MySQL is a relational database, and uses SQL for CRUD operations. 2. It is simple to install and requires the root user password to be configured. 3. Use INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, and SELECT to perform data operations. 4. ORDERBY, WHERE and JOIN can be used for complex queries. 5. Debugging requires checking the syntax and use EXPLAIN to analyze the query. 6. Optimization suggestions include using indexes, choosing the right data type and good programming habits.

See all articles

Hot AI Tools

Undresser.AI Undress

Undresser.AI Undress

AI-powered app for creating realistic nude photos

AI Clothes Remover

AI Clothes Remover

Online AI tool for removing clothes from photos.

Undress AI Tool

Undress AI Tool

Undress images for free

Clothoff.io

Clothoff.io

AI clothes remover

AI Hentai Generator

AI Hentai Generator

Generate AI Hentai for free.

Hot Article

R.E.P.O. Energy Crystals Explained and What They Do (Yellow Crystal)
1 months agoBy尊渡假赌尊渡假赌尊渡假赌
R.E.P.O. Best Graphic Settings
1 months agoBy尊渡假赌尊渡假赌尊渡假赌
Will R.E.P.O. Have Crossplay?
1 months agoBy尊渡假赌尊渡假赌尊渡假赌

Hot Tools

MinGW - Minimalist GNU for Windows

MinGW - Minimalist GNU for Windows

This project is in the process of being migrated to osdn.net/projects/mingw, you can continue to follow us there. MinGW: A native Windows port of the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC), freely distributable import libraries and header files for building native Windows applications; includes extensions to the MSVC runtime to support C99 functionality. All MinGW software can run on 64-bit Windows platforms.

SublimeText3 English version

SublimeText3 English version

Recommended: Win version, supports code prompts!

SublimeText3 Chinese version

SublimeText3 Chinese version

Chinese version, very easy to use

SAP NetWeaver Server Adapter for Eclipse

SAP NetWeaver Server Adapter for Eclipse

Integrate Eclipse with SAP NetWeaver application server.

PhpStorm Mac version

PhpStorm Mac version

The latest (2018.2.1) professional PHP integrated development tool